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語法復(fù)習(xí)十：動詞的語氣--虛擬語氣
一、語氣的定義和種類l、語氣：語氣是動詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2、語氣的種類：
(1)陳述語氣: 表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如：We are not ready. 我們沒準(zhǔn)備好。What a fine day it is!多好的天氣啊!
(2)祈使語氣: 表示說話人的建議、請求、邀請、命令等。如: Open the door, please。請打開門。
(3)虛擬語氣: 表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就學(xué)英語了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
二、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法
條件句有兩類，一類是真實條件句，一類是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況是有可能發(fā)生的，就是真實條件何。在這種真實條件句中的謂語用陳述語氣。如: If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。
如果假設(shè)的情況是過去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)聿淮罂赡馨l(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天見到你，他會問你這件事的。(事實上他昨天沒見到你，因此也未能問你這件事。)
在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣�，F(xiàn)將虛擬條件從句和主句的動詞形式列表如下:
從 句 主 句
與現(xiàn)在事實相反 動詞的過去式（be的過去式一般用were） would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形
與過去事實相反 had + 過去分詞 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 過去分詞
與將來事實相反 動詞過去式，should + 動詞原形，were to + 動詞原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美國英語中，should常被would代替；從句中的should 可用于各種人稱。
l、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在這兒 ，一切都沒問題了。
2、表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn't) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建議去做，你一定不會(不可能)考試不及格。
3、表示與將來事實可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他們將不出去了。
4、有時條件從句中的動作和主句中的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致（表示錯綜時間的虛擬語氣），這時動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你當(dāng)初聽了醫(yī)生的話，身體現(xiàn)在就好了。(從句動作指過去，主句動作指現(xiàn)在)
5、虛擬條件句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:
(l)省略連詞if。在書面語中，如果虛擬條件從句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把這幾個詞放到主語之前，構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是來了，讓他給我打個電話。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做這事。
(2)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。有時假設(shè)的情況并不用條件從句表示出來，而是通過介詞短語來表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣的話，就不會有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn't been for your help) I couldn't have done it. 要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。
假設(shè)的情況有時可以通過上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn't been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn't been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本來該完成這項工作的，但我生病了。(如果我沒生病的話，我就會完成……)
6、省去條件從句或主句：表示虛擬語氣的主句或從句有時可以省略，但其含義仍可以推知。
(1)省去條件從句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事實是:你自己沒洗衣服，因為你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母與我在一起多好啊!(事實是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她沒走就好了!(事實是:她已經(jīng)走了。)
三、虛擬語氣的其他用法
l、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"這類句型里，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用 "should十動詞原形"結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意義。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每個成員知道這些規(guī)則。
2、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中用法：
(1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實相反，或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。1)表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬:從句動詞用過去式或過去進行式(be動詞一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個問題的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示對過去情況的虛擬:從句動詞常用"had十過去分詞"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn't spent so much money. 我后悔不該花那么多錢。(實際上已經(jīng)花掉)；3)表示對將來的主觀愿望:謂語動詞形式為"would十動詞原形"。此時要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同，因為主句的主語所期望的從句動作能否實現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語的態(tài)度或意愿(非動物名詞除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻來。
(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用"should + 動詞原形"，表示建議、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答復(fù)我。
3、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法
(1)在帶有even if/ even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句和從句都用虛擬語氣，動詞形式與含有非真實條件句的虛擬語氣相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他倆去辦公室。
(2)由as if或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示比較或方式時。從句謂語形式為動詞的過去式(be用were)或 "had十過去分詞"。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那樣對待我，好像我是陌
生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她談?wù)撃遣坑捌秃孟袼_實看過一樣。
注:如果表示的事情可能會發(fā)生，那么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用陳述語氣。
(3)在in order that或so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用 "could或might（有時也用should）+ 動詞原形"。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生說得很慢，好讓學(xué)生聽清楚。
4、虛擬語氣在定語從句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣表示將來，動詞形式一般用過去式，意思是"該干某事的時候了"。如: It's (high) time we did our homework. 我們該做作業(yè)了。
5、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的用法
(1)情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌，或委婉的語氣，常見于日常會話中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好別太晚睡覺。
(2)在一些習(xí)慣表達中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我寧愿不告訴你。
(3)用"may + 動詞原形"表示"祝愿"、"但愿"，此時may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快樂！May good luck be yours.祝你順利。
練習(xí)、虛擬語氣
1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.
A. knew, would B. had known, would have sent
C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent
2. If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now.
A. had started, would be B. started, might be
C. had started, would have been D. will start, might have been
3. I didn't kn
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