初中英語語法總結(jié)（常用15篇）
總結(jié)是指社會團體、企業(yè)單位和個人在自身的某一時期、某一項目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后進行回顧檢查、分析評價，從而肯定成績，得到經(jīng)驗，找出差距，得出教訓和一些規(guī)律性認識的一種書面材料，它能夠給人努力工作的動力，不如立即行動起來寫一份總結(jié)吧。那么你真的懂得怎么寫總結(jié)嗎？下面是小編幫大家整理的初中英語語法總結(jié)，僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。
初中英語語法總結(jié)1
冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞分為不定冠詞a(an)和定冠詞the兩種。不定冠詞僅用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示“一”的意義，但不強調(diào)數(shù)目觀念，只表示名詞為不特定者。定冠詞則表示名詞為特定者，表示“這”、“那”、“這些”、“那些”的意思，在可數(shù)的單復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前面都可以用。
I不定冠詞
We need an apple and a knife.
我們需要一個蘋果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的區(qū)別
不定冠詞有a[+]和an[+Q]兩種形式，a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開頭的詞前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)開頭的詞前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母，但發(fā)音是[U(]，是輔音。
an hour，an honor，an island
h是輔音字母，但它不發(fā)音，它的音標是是元音。
an elephant，an umbrella，an egg
2(1)不定冠詞的`用法
�、俜褐浮惾嘶蛭�。
eg. This is a pencil case.
②指不具體的某個人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
③用在序數(shù)詞前,相當于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
�、鼙硎尽懊俊�(個)”,相當于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)課洗(個)澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
聽報告發(fā)燒過得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步頭疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠詞的位置
�、俨欢ü谠~—般放在所修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。
eg, a bike, an egg
�、诋斆~被such, what, many修飾時，不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
③當名詞前的形容詞前有so, how, too等詞時，不定冠詞應放在形容詞之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
�、墚斆~前面有形容詞和quite, rather, very時，不定冠詞放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英語語法總結(jié)2
構(gòu)詞法：英語構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續(xù))
名詞：
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：
1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時,要用有關(guān)計量名詞。一盒牛奶：
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格如：Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的報紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。如：
2、[注解]：
�、� ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
�、� 兩人共有某物時,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數(shù)的一致問題：
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復數(shù)的一致,即：主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,
�、� 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
�、� 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時,謂語用復數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (這個消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數(shù)形式,故謂語用復數(shù)。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復數(shù)時謂語用復數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)
7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數(shù),但是兩個名詞若構(gòu)成一個整體事物時,謂語則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時間或長度概念的復數(shù)名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之一(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的.區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,復數(shù)可以表示一個較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
代詞：
1、代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
初中英語語法總結(jié)3
【—need】didn't need to do的意思是過去不必做某事, 事實上也沒做。而needn't have done則表示過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。
初中英語語法大全：need "不必做"和"本不該做"
didn't need to do表示： 過去不必做某事, 事實上也沒做。.
needn't have done表示： 過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，沒有遇上John的車。)
典型例題
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意為 "本不必"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而時實際上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正確，對過去發(fā)生的.事情進行否定性推斷應為couldn't have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般現(xiàn)在時）。
初中英語語法總結(jié)4
每年的中考試卷中，“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”題所占分值較大，是為了全面考查學生在初中階段所學的詞匯(同義或反義)、短語、句型和語法等方面的知識及其它的之間的靈活運用能力。
�、�.題型介紹
所謂“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”就是先給一個完整的句子A，再根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的要求(有時沒有明確，須自己觀察)，在第二個句子B的空白處填上適當?shù)脑~來完成的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
�、�.題型分類
從形式上看，有如下幾種形式：①某一詞或詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換;②詞組與句子的轉(zhuǎn)換;③同義句型的轉(zhuǎn)換;④為糾正常犯語言錯誤而設計的題目。
從內(nèi)容上看，此題型涉及的面較廣，主要有：①句子功能方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換;②句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。即簡單句、復合句、并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;③語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。即主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉(zhuǎn)換。
�、�.具體分類如下
一、陳述句與疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1、陳述句中肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň�，大部分是用not來改變謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，但也有借用否定意義的詞，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：
A：Tom does well in maths.
B：Tom doesn't do in maths.
A：He has much to do.
B：He has nothing to do.
A：All of my classmates like art.
B：None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問句。根據(jù)上下句的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞的減少，來判斷變?yōu)槟囊环N形式的疑問句。例如：
A：My brother often has breakfast at school.
B： Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A：Tom's already weak in English.
B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A：The red light changes every two minutes.
B：How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據(jù)所給的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞的詞性，來確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式，例如：
A：This is an interesting book.
B：What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。
根據(jù)上句，寫出一個意思相同(或相近)的下句，此類形式繁多，內(nèi)容復雜，涉及面廣，歸類如下：
1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。(通常上下句時態(tài)保持一致)。
常見的同義詞或詞組有：(1)四個“花費”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個“到達”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個“收到…來信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個“擅長于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個“玩得開心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后，終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨自地by oneself -alone等。例如：
A：The children had a good time in the park.
B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同義句型之間的`轉(zhuǎn)化。常見的同義句型有①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導的時間狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如：
A：I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B：I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引導的條件狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如：
A：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B：Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A：If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B：Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A：Fish can't live if there is no water.
B：Fish can't live without water.
4、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中的一句多譯。在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中，結(jié)束性動詞不能與時間段連用，必須改成相應的延續(xù)性動詞。常見的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換有：buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep，get up-be up.
例如：The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、簡單句與復合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
①含賓語從句的復合句與簡單句的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
A：I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B：I saw them playing football on the playground.
A：The teacher found that she was very clever.
B：The teacher found her very clever.
A：He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B：He found it hard to learn English well.
A：We are sure that we will win to first match.
B：We are sure to win to first match.
由疑問代詞/副詞引導的賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“疑問句+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A：We don't know what we should do next.
B：We don't know what to do next.
②由when/after/before/while/since/until引導的時間狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如：
A：They went home after they finished their work.
B：The went home after finishing their work.
A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+數(shù)詞+years old→at the age of+歲數(shù)
A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
�、塾蓅o…that…引導的結(jié)果狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如：
A：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或：The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A：The child is so old that he can go to school.
B：The child is old enough to go to school.
�、苡蓅o that 引導的目的狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為in order to do例如：
A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
⑤由because 引導的原因狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為because of…例如：
A：We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B：We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
�、薅ㄕZ從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語或分詞短語。例如：
A：The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B：The man on the bike is Jim.
A：The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B：The man driving the red car is my boss.
A：The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B：The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如：
A：I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B：Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞依靠近它的主語而定，即“就近原則”，但是both…and用來連接兩個主語時，謂語復數(shù)。
7、主動語與被動語態(tài)的互變。
“主動”變“被動”實行“三變二不變”原則�！叭儭奔词侵髡Z，謂語和賓語的變化，“二不變”即時態(tài)不變，句式不變。例如：
A：They make watches in the town.
B：Watches are made by them in the town.
A：I can finish the work before eight.
B：The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A：Do they grow rice in South China?
B：Is rice grown in South China?
注：使役性動詞make或感觀性動詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動語態(tài)中所帶省to的不定式賓補變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，必須加上to.
A：I saw him take your umbrella.
B：He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容詞、副詞二級之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，例如
A：Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B：Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A：This exercise is easier than the other two.
B：This exercise is the easiest of the three.
�、�.解題指導
要做好句型轉(zhuǎn)換題，必須注意如下幾點：
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語的不同結(jié)構(gòu)表達技巧。
2、弄清題意，明確題目考查點，了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關(guān)系。
3、注意從多角度，全方位考慮問題，突破難點，注意復查，看是否按要求完成了轉(zhuǎn)換。
通過上述的歸納和指導，可以理清學生的“依章辦事”的解題思路，養(yǎng)成“有條不紊”的解題習慣，培養(yǎng)多角度思維解題的能力，從而達到提高學習效率的目的。
特殊疑問句
注：1、一般情況：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句構(gòu)成。
2、特殊疑問詞在句中充當成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答，直接回答。
4、讀降調(diào)。
5、常用疑問詞：who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
對劃線部分提問。(把各句變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡柧?
1、 對主語(人)提問：
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 對表語(人)提問：
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 對介賓(人)提問：
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 對動賓(人)提問：
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 對間賓(人)提問：
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 對主語(東西)提問：
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 對表語(東西)提問：
These are boats. What are these?
8、 對動賓(東西)提問：
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9對職業(yè)(提問)提問：
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.對介賓(東西)提問：
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、對是什么提問：
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、對計算結(jié)果提問：
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、對年級提問：
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、對班級提問：
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、對年級和班級提問：
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、對排提問:
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注：1、對年級、班級、排提問時，問句中的in 不能去掉.
2，what 后的grade ,class ，row用小寫形式.
3,what根據(jù)實際譯為漢語.
17、對學號提問:
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、對后置定語提問:
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、對顏色提問:
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、對幾點幾分提問:
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、對名字提問:
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、對前置定語提問:
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、對表語(名物代)提問:
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、對后置定語提問:
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、對后置定語提問:
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、對主語(名物代)提問:
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、對定語(形物代)提問:
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、對定語(名詞所有格)提問:
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、對表語(名詞所有格)提問：
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30對身體提問：
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、對年齡提問：
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、對天氣提問：
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?
33、對語言提問：
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、對方式提問：
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?
35、對程度提問：
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、對數(shù)量提問：
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、對價格提問：The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注：1，對價格提問，be 應根據(jù)后面的主語而定。
2，單位yuan在問句中去掉。
38、對距離提問：
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、對長度提問：
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、對for+一段時間提問：
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注：how long 后面必須是延續(xù)性動詞。
41、對星期提問：
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、對in+一段時間提問：
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、對頻度副詞提問：
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、對范圍內(nèi)的次數(shù)提問：
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、對寬度提問：
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、對原因狀語提問：
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注：表示“因為”的連詞有since, as , for, because.
47、對時間狀語提問：
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、對地點狀語提問：
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、對幾月幾日提問：
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、對種類(后置定語)提問：
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、對作什么提問：
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟記變特殊疑問句時，容易判斷錯的情況。
1、 數(shù)詞
表示年齡：He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示時間：It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法：Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示價格：The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少：I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名：My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人：The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 長度和距離
表示距離：It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示長度：It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 顏色，東西
表示顏色：The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物：They are white sheep. What are they?
表示顏色：They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名詞所有格和人
表示名詞所有格：She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人：She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換的九種類型
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題是近幾年中考英語的一個�？碱}型，其出題形式通常是同時給出兩個句子，第一句完整，第二句中設有幾處空格，要求考生填入適當?shù)脑~或詞組，使第二句的意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語法、詞匯、短語或習慣用語和句型結(jié)構(gòu)等知識，要求運用所學的詞匯、語法知識和句型結(jié)構(gòu)填寫句子，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、邏輯合理、語法知識無誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過對近幾年的中考英語試題中同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中考英語同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題主要考查以下幾個方面：
一、運用同義詞(組)進行轉(zhuǎn)換
用同義詞或同義詞組對原句中的某些詞或詞組進行替換，注意轉(zhuǎn)換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應。如：
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析：答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析：答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。
二、運用反義詞(組)的否定式進行轉(zhuǎn)換
即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達與原句相同的意思，主要考查學生對反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如：
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析：答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”，其否定式與be different from同義。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析：答案為don’t，more。less important的意思是“沒有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，該結(jié)構(gòu)與not連用，則表示“不比……更重要”。
另外，有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用，而只需改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)也可構(gòu)成同義句。如：
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析：答案為borrowed，from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個結(jié)構(gòu)意思相反，但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置，則可轉(zhuǎn)換為同義句。
三、運用不同語態(tài)進行轉(zhuǎn)換
即運用主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的變化來轉(zhuǎn)換同義詞，但此時要特別注意時態(tài)、動詞一致性。如：
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析：答案為be given back。被動句中含有情態(tài)動詞should，因此助動詞用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析：答案為are，used。computers是復數(shù)名詞，助動詞用are。
四、非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
即非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞進行轉(zhuǎn)換，此時往往會涉及時態(tài)的變化。如：
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析：答案為has been away。leave為非延續(xù)性動詞，不能與for two hours這樣的一段時間連用，而改成be away這樣的延續(xù)性動詞后，則可連用一段時間。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析：答案為on for。has been提示時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，“for+時間段”表示“持續(xù)(一段時間)”，常用在含有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案：has been in。短暫動詞join，意為“參加、加入(組織，政黨)”，不能與延續(xù)時間狀語連用，與延續(xù)性時間狀語連用時，將join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、運用不同引語進行轉(zhuǎn)換
即將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語或?qū)㈤g接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成直接引語。此時還要注意相關(guān)時態(tài)、人稱、動詞、狀語等相應的變化。如：
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析：答案為told，had found。此題是將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析：答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問句的直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語。
六、運用簡單句與復合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將簡單句變成同義的復合句或?qū)秃暇渥兂赏x的簡單句。如：
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析：答案為because of。將原因狀語從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析：答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)，原句的that從句為結(jié)果狀語從句，改寫句中的不定式仍表結(jié)果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析：答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成賓語從句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析：答案為after using。即將after引導的狀語從句改寫為after引導的介詞短語。
七、運用并列句與復合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將并列句變成同義的復合句或?qū)秃暇渥兂赏x的并列句。如：
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析：答案為If，don’t。if引導條件狀語從句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析：答案為who/ that，will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語從句，修飾先行詞the man。
八、運用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞連接或合并句子
即運用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等將兩個簡單句合并為一個簡單句。此時要注意的是，both…and…連接兩個主語時，謂語總是用復數(shù)，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞通常應與靠近的主語保持一致。如：
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析：答案填Neither，nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”，剛好與原句的兩個否定結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析：答案為Both，and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析：答案為not only，but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或結(jié)構(gòu)進行轉(zhuǎn)換
這類典型結(jié)構(gòu)如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I等。如：
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析：答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析：答案為didn’t，until。not…until意為“直到……才”。
初中英語語法總結(jié)5
不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)
動詞不定式指通常由to加上動詞原形(如to write)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。
動詞不定式有進行體和完成體(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被動態(tài)(如to be written)，所有的主動詞，不論是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，也不論是動作動詞還是狀態(tài)動詞，都有不定式形式。助動詞除be和have外，沒有不定式形式。動詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。
不定式的用法
1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情況下，如果不定式較長，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動作是誰做的，即不定式的.邏輯主語，通�？梢酝ㄟ^for sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容詞(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表語時，不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作賓語
不定式作賓語有兩種一種是及物動詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是“及物動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式。
及物動詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：只能跟動詞不定式的動詞，常見的有：afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
動詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式這類動詞常見的有advise，decide，find out，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英語語法總結(jié)，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。
常見的疑問代(副)詞有：what，when，where，which，how，whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有時，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達動詞(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容詞+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
初中英語語法總結(jié)6
名詞
名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)
可數(shù)名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數(shù)來計量，它有單數(shù)與復數(shù)兩種形式。不可數(shù)名詞指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來計量。物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目，來統(tǒng)計，都成為不可數(shù)名詞。
不可數(shù)名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數(shù)量，沒有復數(shù)形式。要表示“一個……”這一概念，就須加a piece
of這一類短語。要注意許多名詞在漢語里看來是可數(shù)名詞，在英語里卻不可數(shù)。如chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
A.一般情況下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結(jié)尾的加-es
C.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的改y為i再加-es
D.以f，fe結(jié)尾的，去掉f或fe，變成v再加-es
名詞的所有格
A. 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加’s，復數(shù)名詞詞尾若沒有s，也要加’s。
如the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示幾個人共有一樣東西，只需在最后一個人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，則需在各個名字后’ s。
如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通過在詞尾加—s構(gòu)成的復數(shù)形式的名詞，只加’。如the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的，我們就用’s結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的，我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系。)
代詞
人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞
人稱代詞
第一人稱單數(shù)I me my mine myself復數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱單數(shù) you you your yours yourself復數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱單數(shù) he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its
itself復數(shù)
they them their theirs themselves
物主代詞
物主代詞的用法形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個名詞;名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。
反身代詞
反身代詞的構(gòu)成分兩種第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves，第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves.
反身代詞的用法一種是作賓語，由主語發(fā)出的動作又回到動作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.
另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語;用來加強語氣。如I can do it myself.
指示代詞
指示代詞的特殊用法
● 為了避免重復，可用that，those代替前面提到過的名詞，但是this，these不可以。
this，that有時可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代詞
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠詞
不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的詞前，其余用不定冠詞a.
定冠詞的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指談話雙方都知道的人或事物前面。
C. 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示某一類人或事物。
定冠詞的.特殊用法
A. 用在世界上獨一無二的事物或方位名詞前。
B. 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級及only所修飾的名詞前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。
D. 用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構(gòu)成的專有名詞前面。
E. 用在姓氏的復數(shù)形式前面，表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。
F. 用在樂器名稱前。
G. 和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人或事物。
名詞前不用冠詞的情況
A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節(jié)日、月份、季節(jié)) 、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節(jié)日前要加the。
B. 表示一類人或事物的復數(shù)名詞前。
C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時，不用冠詞。
D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些詞組中，有無冠詞含義不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊
go to school去上學;go to the school去那所學校;in hospital住院;in the
hospital在那個醫(yī)院里
初中英語語法總結(jié)7
用一個句子作狀語，這個句子就是狀語從句。狀語從句通常用來修飾句子、動詞或形容詞，表示時間、地點、條件、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較等。引導狀語從句的連詞叫從屬連詞。
16-1 時間狀語從句
在句中相當于時間狀語的從句叫時間狀語從句。時間狀語從句常由從屬連詞when，while，as，before，after，as soon as，since，till，until等引導。如：
What are you going to be when you grow up ?你長大以后打算干什么?
I will phone you as soon as I get there .我一到那兒就給你打電話。
1.引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞及用法
(1)when，while，as引導時間狀語從句意為“當……時”。如：
When the clock struck twelve ，all the lights went out.當時鐘敲了十二下，燈全部都熄了。
While Peter was reading ，his wife was cooking.彼得看書的時候，他妻子在做飯。
He dropped the glass as he stood up .他站起來時，把杯子摔碎了。
注意：
�、賥hen表示“當……時”，多用來表示時間點，也可表示時間段;從句中既可以用非延續(xù)性動詞，也可用延續(xù)性動詞;when 從句多用一般過去時，主句時態(tài)沒有限制，根據(jù)具體情況而定;在將來時態(tài)中，常用when引導從句，且從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時;when表示時間段時可與while通用，但從句中必須用延續(xù)性動詞。如：
I was just reading a book when she came into my room.她走進我房間時，我正在看書。
When I got to the airport，the guests had left.當我趕到飛機場時，客人們已經(jīng)離開了。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week，I'll talk with him about this.下周經(jīng)理來這參觀時，我會和他談談此事。
②while表示“當……的時候;在……之時;在……期間”，所引導的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞或表示狀態(tài)的動詞，且通常用進行時。如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper，I was watching TV.當妻子在看報紙的時候，我在看電視。
You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.你不能一邊看電視一邊做家庭作業(yè)。
�、踑s引導時間狀語從句時，從句的謂語動詞既可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是非延續(xù)性的。當從句中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞，表示“當……的時候”時，往往可以與when或while通用，但as更側(cè)重主句與從句的行為同時發(fā)生，常譯作“隨著……;一邊……，一邊……”。如：
Kate read the book as she went along.凱特邊走邊讀書。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我們邊聽課邊記筆記。
(2)before引導時間狀語從句意為“在……之前”。如：
Don't jump off the train before it stops.火車停之前不要往下跳。
Look at both ways before you cross the road.過馬路之前左右兩邊都要看。
I didn't know any English before I came here。我來這兒之前，一點英語都不懂。
(3)after引導時間狀語從句意為“在……之后”。如：
I'll have a walk after I finish my work.我做完事后要去散步。
After he locked the door，he left.他鎖上門之后就走了。
注意：
為了表明動作的先后，從句中動詞可用過去完成時，主句用一般過去時。如：
After he had finished his work，he played a game of chess with his friends.他做完工作后，和朋友下了一會兒棋。
(4)until，till引導時間狀語從句意為“直到……為止”。如：
They waited till/until I returned.他們一直等到我回來。
Mr.Wang kept on explaining until the student understood.王先生反復地解釋直到學生聽懂了為止。
注意：
�、賣ntil在肯定句中只與延續(xù)性動詞連用，在否定句中通常與非延續(xù)性動詞連用，表示相應動作開始的時間，意為“直到……才”。如：
He didn't leave until I came back.直到我回來他才離開。
�、趖ill用作連詞，與until同義，兩者經(jīng)�？蓳Q用，只是 until 比 till 稍正式。在正式文體中，一般用 until，而在口語或非正式文體中則兩者都可。till多與名詞或較短的從句連用，而較長較復雜的成分多用 until;在句子開頭時，用 until而不用till。如：
She lived in Tokyo till (until)she died.她一直住在東京直到去世。
(√)Until he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回來之前，什么也不能做。
(×)Till he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回來之前，什么也不能做。
(5)since引導時間狀語從句意為“自……以來”
Since I left school，I have written to him twice.自從我離開學校以來，我已經(jīng)給他寫過兩封信。
I have not heard from him since he left Shanghai.自從他離開上海以來，我就沒有收到過他的來信。
注意：
since引起的時間狀語從句通常用一般過去時態(tài)，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。如：
I've worked here since I left school.自我離開學校以來我一直在這里工作。
(6)as soon as引導時間狀語從句意為“一……就……”
I'll tell you as soon as I get here.我一到這里就告訴你。
I want to see him as soon as he arrives.他一到我就想見他。
2.時間狀語從句的時態(tài)
(1)當主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時，由when，before，after，as soon as，until 等連詞引導的時間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：
I 'll tell him the good news as soon as I see him.我一見到他，就告訴他這個好消息。
The boy will be a writer when he grows up.這個男孩長大后將成為一名作家。
(2)當主句的謂語含有can，may，must等情態(tài)動詞時，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：
You can go home after you finish your homework.你做完作業(yè)后就可以回家。
When the lights are red，the traffic must stop .紅燈亮時，車輛必須停下。
You may wait here before your father comes .在你父親到來之前你可以在這兒等著。
(3)當主句的謂語是want，hope，wish等動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時形式時，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導的.時間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：
He wants to be a doctor when he grows up.他長大后想當一名醫(yī)生。
She wants to work in America when she finishes college.她大學畢業(yè)后想在美國工作。
(4)當主句是祈使句時，由when，before，after，until等引導的時間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：
Don't get off the bus until it stops .公共汽車停下來再下車。
Please don't go to bed before you finish your homework.在完成作業(yè)之前，請不要睡覺。
(5)當主句謂語用一般過去時，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句也要用一般過去時。如：
They talked about the party after people left .人們離開后，他們談論這次晚會情況。
(6)當before引導的時間狀語從句是過去時態(tài)，主句一般用過去完成時，有時也用一般過去時。如：
She had learned Japanese for three years before she went to Japan.她去日本之前學了三年日語。
She didn't know me before she came here.她到這里來之前不認識我。
(7)since引導的時間狀語從句要用一般過去時，主句的謂語動詞要用延續(xù)性動詞，通常用現(xiàn)在完成時;用非延續(xù)性動詞時，要用否定式。如：
He has waited here since you left .自從你走之后他一直在這等著。
He hasn't gone to the school since he finished the school.他畢業(yè)后再沒去過學校。
注意：
在It is+時間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，從句用一般過去時。如：
It is three years since I began to study English.我開始學英語已經(jīng)有三年了。
3.時間狀語從句的位置
(1)when，before，after，as，while，as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句的位置可位于句首，也可位于句末。放在句首時，從句后通常用逗號與主句隔開，放在句末時，從句與主句之間一般不用逗號，只在句末用句號或問號。如：
When you came to see me，I was ready to leave.你來看我時，我正準備離開。
You called me while I was watching TV.我在看電視時，你給我打了電話。
After she cleaned the classroom，she went home.她打掃完教室后回家了。
(2)since引起的時間狀語從句通常放在主句的后面。
I have learned English since I came to this school.我自從來到這個學校以來就一直在學英語。
初中英語語法總結(jié)8
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。關(guān)系代詞的三個作用代替先行詞，在定語從句中作某種成分，連接先行詞與定語從句。引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which。
關(guān)系代詞who，whom的用法
關(guān)系代詞who和whom用來指人。先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語時用關(guān)系詞who，作賓語時用關(guān)系詞whom或who。在現(xiàn)代英語中常常用who代替whom。如
This is the man who helped me yesterday.這就是昨天幫助我的那個人。(作主語)
The teacher who/whom you want to see is coming.你要見的老師來了。(作see的賓語)
注意
①關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語時，常常被省略。如
The man you talked about is our headmaster.你們談論的那個人是我們的校長。
�、诮樵~后的賓語只能用關(guān)系詞whom，不可用關(guān)系詞who。如
The man to whom you spoke just now is an actor.剛才和你說話的那個人是個演員。
關(guān)系代詞that的.用法
關(guān)系代詞that既可用來指人，也可用來指物，指人時可代替關(guān)系詞who、whom，指物時可代替關(guān)系詞which。that在從句中可作主語或賓語，還可作表語;作賓語或表語時可省略;作介詞賓語時，介詞不可提到that之前，否則需要用關(guān)系詞who或which替代。如
Who is the person that/who is making the lecture?正在做演講的那個人是誰?
Who is the man that/whom they are talking about?他們正在談論的那個人是誰?
You can never get the time that/which is lost.你永遠也找不回來失去的時間。
關(guān)系代詞which的用法
關(guān)系代詞which用來指物，在從句中作主語、賓語。which引導定語從句有時可以與that互換使用;作賓語時可以省略。如
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.這是一件做給你的衣服。(作主語)
This is the factory (which/that )we visited last
year.這就是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那家工廠。(作visited的賓語，可以省略)
關(guān)系代詞whose的用法
關(guān)系代詞whose通常用來指人，但有時也可指物，在定語從句中作定語，而且不能省略;whose指物時可以與of which互換使用。如
I met a boy whose father was an astronaut.我認識一位男孩，他的父親是宇航員。(作定語)
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.那棵紅色葉子的樹是去年栽的。
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which)is very
beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的書。
初中英語語法總結(jié)9
陳述部分的謂語 疑問部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主語
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含義
rarely, little等否定
含義的詞
ought to（肯定的） shouldn't/ oughtn't +主語
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主語(didn't +主語)
used to didn't +主語或 usedn't +主語
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主語
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主語
must 根據(jù)實際情況而定
感嘆句中 be +主語
Neither…nor,
either…or 連接的根 據(jù)其實際邏輯意義而定
并列主語
指示代詞或不定代詞
everything,that, 主語用it
nothing,this
并列復合句 謂語根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定
定語從句,賓語從句的
主從復合句 根據(jù)主句的謂語而定
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引導 與賓語從句相對應的從句
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one 復數(shù)they, 單數(shù)he
情態(tài)動詞dare或need need (dare ) +主語
dare, need 為實義動詞 do +主語
省去主語的祈使句 will you？
Let's 開頭的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 開頭的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相應的謂語動詞+there(省略主語代詞）
否定前綴不能視為否定詞 仍用否定形式
must表"推測" 根據(jù)其推測的情況來確定反意疑問句
對上述的反意疑問句快速記憶表的總結(jié)，同學們是否懂了呢？
初中英語語法大全：動詞的種類
關(guān)于英語中動詞的種類知識，希望同學們很好的掌握下面的內(nèi)容學習。
動詞的種類
動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動詞，連系動詞，助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。
1．行為動詞
行為動詞可分為及物動詞 (vt)和不及物動詞(vi)，及物動詞表示動作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能單獨作謂語，后跟賓語；不及物動詞表示動作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能單獨作謂語，但后面不能直接跟賓語，如要帶賓語則與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成短語。
如：
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2．連系動詞
連系動詞本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。常用的連系動詞有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如：
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3．助動詞
助動詞本身無詞義，不能單獨作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞，表示否定，疑問及動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等語法特征，助動詞有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如：
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情態(tài)動詞
情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的意義，但不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如：
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? -No, you needn't .
a. can與be able to的用法有所區(qū)別。can只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和過去時，指本身有能力的"能"；be able to用于各種時態(tài)均可，指須經(jīng)過努力而"能"。
b. must與have/has to的用法。must表示說話人主觀認為"必須"，只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般將來時；have/has to表示客觀需要，意為"不得不"，它可用于各種時態(tài)。
c．need和dare既可作情態(tài)動詞也可作行為動詞。
以上對動詞的種類知識的內(nèi)容講解學習，相信同學們已經(jīng)能很好的掌握了吧，希望同學們在考試中取得很好的成績。
初中英語語法大全：動詞不定式的形式
對于英語的學習中，關(guān)于動詞不定式的形式知識點的內(nèi)容，我們做下面的講解學習哦。
動詞不定式的形式
1．作主語。 如：
To learn English is very important.
但實際上不定式作主語常用 it來作形式主語，而將不定式移至謂語動詞后作真正的主語。
如上句可表達為：
It's very important to learn English.
2．作表語。 如：
My idea is to ring him up at once.
3．作賓語。 如：
I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4．作賓語補足語。
a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等動詞后面接動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
如： The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等動詞后接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
如： We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c. let, make, have這些使役動詞后接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。但在被動語態(tài)中這些不帶to的都須帶上to。
如： In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.
d.動詞help接動詞不定式作賓語補足語，可帶to也可不帶to。
如： Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5．作定語。
a.與被修飾詞有動賓關(guān)系。如：I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式動詞為不及物動詞，后面的介詞千萬不要省略。
如： Maybe they have three rooms to live in.
b.與被修飾詞有主謂關(guān)系。
如： Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.
c.與被修飾之間只有修飾關(guān)系。
如： I have no time to play cards.
6．作狀語，表示目的、原因、方法、方向、結(jié)果等。
如： I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7．不定式復合結(jié)構(gòu)"for sb. to do sth" 作主語時，常用"It is +adj+ for
of sb. to do sth"的句式。形容詞good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,
right, wrong, careful等用"It is +adj +of sb. to do sth."
其他形容詞用 for。
如：
It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.
It's very kind of you to help me.
8．動詞不定式與疑問句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等連用。
如： I don't know when to start.
He didn't tell me where to go.
但上面結(jié)構(gòu)相當于一個從句，故上述句子也可表達為：
I don't know when we'll start.
He didn't tell me where he would go.
注意：
a.有些動詞或動詞短語不能帶不定式，只能接動詞的-ing形式。
如： enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(錯過),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
如： The peasants are busy picking apples.
Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些動詞后可接不定式，也可接動詞的-ing形式，但意思不同。
如： Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(該寄但還沒做)
Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已經(jīng)寄過信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)
They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
希望上面對動詞不定式的形式知識的內(nèi)容講解學習，同學們都能很好的掌握，相信同學們會取得很好的成績的哦。
初中英語語法大全：短語動詞的四種類型
同學們認真學習，下面是老師對短語動詞的'四種類型知識總結(jié)。
短語動詞的四種類型
動詞與介詞、副詞等構(gòu)成的固定短語，叫短語動詞。主要有四類：
一、動詞+副詞
有的一般不跟賓語，如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等；有的可以跟賓語，如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。
注意：賓語是名詞時，放在副詞前面或后面都可以，但若作賓語的是人稱代詞時，就只能放在動詞和副詞之間了。如：
We’ve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . 我們決定把會議推遲。
We’ve decided to put it off. 我們決定將它推遲。(不說put off it)
二、動詞+介詞
如ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。后面必須接賓語。如：
I don’t care for tea. 我不喜歡喝茶。
三、動詞+副詞+介詞
如look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如：
She soon caught up with us. 她很快趕上了我們。
四、動詞+名詞+介詞
如take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to做出貢獻等。如：
Take care of your brother while I am away. 我不在的時候，你要照顧好你弟弟。
希望上面老師對短語動詞的四種類型知識的講解學習，同學們都能很好的掌握，相信同學們會學習的很好的哦。
初中英語語法大全：及物動詞與不及物動詞
關(guān)于英語中及物動詞與不及物動詞的知識學習，我們做下面的內(nèi)容講解。
及物動詞與不及物動詞
根據(jù)其后是否帶賓語，動詞可分為及物動詞(帶賓語)和不及物動詞(不帶賓語)。如：
When will he arrive? 他什么時候到？(arrive 不帶賓語，為不及物動詞)
He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到達北京。(reach 帶了賓語，為及物動詞)
有的動詞既可用作及物動詞也可用作不及物動詞：
The child is playing. 這小孩在玩。（不及物用法）
The child is playing the piano. 這小孩在彈鋼琴。（及物用法）
He is writing. 他在寫字。（不及物用法）
He is writing a letter. 他在寫信。（及物用法）
The boy is reading. 這男孩在閱讀。 （不及物用法）
The boy is reading a magazine. 這男孩在看雜志。（及物用法）
上面對及物動詞與不及物動詞知識的內(nèi)容講解學習，希望給同學們的學習很好的幫助，相信同學們會學習的更好的吧。
初中英語語法大全：實義動詞與非實義動詞
下面是對英語中實義動詞與非實義動詞知識的內(nèi)容講解，希望同學們很好的掌握。
實義動詞與非實義動詞
根據(jù)其含義和句子功用，動詞可分為實義動詞和非實義動詞(包括時態(tài)助動詞和情態(tài)助動詞等)。如：
He bought a story book. 他買了一本故事書。(buy 為實義動詞)
He has read the story book. 他已讀過這本故事書。(has 為時態(tài)助動詞，read為實意動詞)
He should read the story book. 他應該讀讀這本故事書。(should 為情態(tài)助動詞,red為實義動詞)
上面對實義動詞與非實義動詞知識的內(nèi)容講解學習，相信同學們已經(jīng)能很好的掌握了吧，希望同學們考試成功。
初中英語語法總結(jié)10
介詞又叫前置詞，在句子中不能單獨使用，總是與其后面的名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，表達多種不同的意義。
介詞具有以下3大特點：
1、介詞后面的詞作介詞的賓語，被稱作介詞賓語。
2、介詞后面的代詞需用賓格形式。
3、介詞后面的動詞要用動名詞形式。
介詞的用法
介詞不能單獨使用，介詞和介詞的賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作主語、表語、補足語、定語、狀語、插入語。介詞短語有6種基本用法。
作主語
介詞短語作主語，位于句子開頭。
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 2 hours' flight.從上海到北京要飛大約4個小時。
注意介詞短語作主語，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
作定語
介詞短語作定語，放在所修飾的詞的`后面，作后置定語。
The girl in red is my sister.穿紅衣服的那個女孩是我妹妹。
作表語
介詞短語作表語，放在連系動詞的后面。
Our English teacher is in the office .我們的英語老師在辦公室。
She looks like her mother .她看上去像她媽媽。
作賓語補足語
介詞短語作賓語補足語，放在賓語的后面補充說明賓語是什么或怎么樣。
I always find her at her studies .我總是發(fā)現(xiàn)她在學習。
When she woke up，she found herself in hospital .當她醒來時，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己躺在醫(yī)院里。
作狀語
介詞短語作狀語，大都位于句末，有時也位于句子開頭，表示時間、地點、方式、原因、目的等。
Can you sing this song in English ?你會用英語唱這首歌嗎?(方式狀語)
I'll meet you at your school gate .我將在你們學校門口接你。(地點狀語)
I was playing computer games at eight this morning.今天上午8點我在玩電腦游戲。(時間狀語)
Because of the traffic ，I was late for class.因為交通原因我上課遲到了。(原因狀語)
作插入語
介詞短語作插入語，位于句首或句中。
He was too careless;in a word ，he made too manymistakes.他太粗心，總之，他出的錯太多。
初中英語語法總結(jié)11
在英語中，to一詞用法及其靈活。除了常見“to do”結(jié)構(gòu)外，to還有介詞和副詞的用法。但我們大都是聽過記憶類似“be devoted to
doing”這種所謂的固定搭配學習，卻不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中，to的含義具體分別如下：
1. 向，對著(某方向或某處)：He walked to the school.他朝學校走去。
2. 位于…方向：There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落著很多樓房。
3. 到，達(某處)：Her long hair fell to the ground.她的長發(fā)垂到地上。
4. 到，達(某狀態(tài))：He always tries to work to perfection. 他總是努力將工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范圍或一段時間的結(jié)尾或界限)：The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物館開放時間為9:00到17:00。
6. 差，離：It is ten to ten. 現(xiàn)在是十點差十分。(9:50)
7. 給(引出接受者)：My mother gave a birthday present to me. 媽媽送我生日禮物。
8. 對于，關(guān)于(引出受事者)：What have done to the little boy? 你對這個小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示兩件事物相接：The printer is connected to the computer. 打印機與電腦相連。
10. 屬于，歸于(表示兩事物或兩人之間的關(guān)系)：the key to the door門的.鑰匙
11. 指向：Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主義是對和平的威脅。
12. 表示引出比較的第二部分：
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步，媽媽更喜歡游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中國以六比二贏得比賽。
13. 等于，每(表示數(shù)量或比率)：There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分鐘六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意：
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我們將為地震中犧牲的戰(zhàn)士修建紀念碑。
15. 伴隨：Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人隨音樂換新起舞。
16. 為了給(用于表示動作的動詞后)：The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸沖過去。
17. 適合，致使：To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我驚訝的是，杰克竟能通過考試。
18. 按照…看法：To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 對我而言，對錯都不重要。
以上是to 作為介詞的主要用法，另外，to用作副詞還有“關(guān)著”之意：
1. Please push the door to. 請推門關(guān)上。
2. to and fro 來來回回：He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他難以冷靜下來，在房里走來走去。
初中英語語法總結(jié)12
規(guī)則變化
范圍 變化規(guī)則 例詞
大部分形容詞 加ly careless----carelessly
quiet----quietly
different----differently
輔音加le結(jié)尾的形容詞 變le為ly possible----possibly
terrible----terribly
comfortable----comfortably
gentle----gently
simple----simply
whole-wholly(例外)
元音字母加le結(jié)尾的形容詞 加ly sole-solely
以y結(jié)尾且讀音為 / i /結(jié)尾的形容詞 變le為ly easy----easily angry----angrily
noisy----noisily happy----happily
heavy----heavily healthy----healthily
以y結(jié)尾且讀音為 / ei /結(jié)尾的的形容詞 加ly shy-shyly
dry-dryly
gay--gayly/gaily
不規(guī)則變化
本身既是形容詞也是副詞，無需改變 fast----fast
early----early
high----high
hard----hard
late----late
far----far
wide----wide
alone----alone
形容詞和副詞為完全不同的單詞 good----well
初中階段唯一一個需要去掉字母e的'單詞 true----truly
雖然以ly結(jié)尾，但卻是形容詞，不能直接用來修飾動詞 friendly
lively
lovely
lonely
Likely
有些形容詞本身即為副詞，同時也有加ly的副詞形式。但加不加ly意思不一樣，使用時需注意
wide(形容詞，寬闊的，睜大的)----wide(副詞，睜大地)/widely(副詞，廣泛地),late(形容詞，晚的)-----late(副詞，晚地)，lately(最近)
high(形容詞，高的)----high(副詞，高地)/highly(副詞，高度地)
特別容易犯錯的副詞
形容詞 副詞 備注
hard hard hard副詞容易寫成hardly, hardly意思為“幾乎不”，與hard無任何關(guān)系
friendly 無 不能用friendly直接修飾動詞，只能改成in a friendly way“用一種友好的方式”。如：
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
excited excitedly 容易拼錯
healthy healthily 容易拼錯
polite politely 不用去掉字母e。類似的詞還有：widely, nicely, closely,
初中英語語法總結(jié)13
一.英語語法重點與難點
1、 as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)：你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉(zhuǎn)換：前者為簡單句，主語只有一個，而后者為復合句，主語有兩個，試比較：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的轉(zhuǎn)換：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級表示比較級含義：
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級表示最高級：約翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考點—詞組
1. after, in 這兩個介詞都可以表示“……(時間)以后”的`意思
after 以過去為起點,表示過去一段時間之后,常用于過去時態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點,表將來一段時間以后,常用于將來時態(tài)的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長時間,主要用來對一段時間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問?如:How long ago was it?
這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來對頻率副詞或狀語(如once a week等)提問?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過多久,主要用來對表示將來的一段時間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來?
初中英語語法總結(jié)14
一、一般時態(tài)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時表示沒有時限的持久存在的動作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等連用。例如：
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的動詞，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作，這類動詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引導的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般過去時
(1)表示過去某一特定時間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示過去習慣性動作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意與be used to doing短語的區(qū)別)
3.一般將來時
1)表示將來打算進行或期待發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2)幾種替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口語中廣泛使用，表示準備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示計劃安排要做的事，具有“必要”的強制性意義。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示預先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing強調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home
二、進行時態(tài)
1.現(xiàn)在進行時
(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根據(jù)計劃或安排在最近要進行的事情。具有這種語法功能的動詞僅限于過渡性動詞。即表示從一個狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個狀態(tài)或位置上去的動詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些動詞不能用進行時，這是一類表示“感覺，感情，存在，從屬”等的動詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感覺的詞);hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的動詞);be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動詞);have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有與從屬的動詞);understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的動詞)。但是如果它們詞義改變，便也可用進行時態(tài)。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此為聯(lián)系動詞，意為“顯得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此為實義動詞，意為“尋找”)
2.過去進行時
過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發(fā)生時或發(fā)生后，另一個過去的動作正在進行，或表示過去反復的習慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動詞連用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.將來進行時
將來進行時主要表示將來某一時刻正在進行的動作，或表示要在將來某一時刻開始，并繼續(xù)下去的動作。常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成進行時
(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成進行時是(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成時的強調(diào)形式，將放在完成時態(tài)部分講述。
三、完成時態(tài)
完成時態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動作。它可分為：
1.現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動作(常與yet，already，just連用)，或者過去某一時刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for，since連用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語有：since, for, during, over等引導出的短語;副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;狀語詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成時態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時;如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.過去完成時
(1)表示過去某時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況，這個過去的時間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時，表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現(xiàn)。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)過去完成時常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +過去時間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.將來完成時
將來完成時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作;也可以用來表示一種猜測。常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來時間的短語和句子;before (the end of ) +表示將來時間的詞語或句子;when, after等加上表示將來動作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成進行時
完成進行時是完成時的強調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進行時，過去完成進行時，將來完成進行時。
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)過去完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)將來完成進行時表示在將來某一時刻之前開始的一個動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：時態(tài)一致
時態(tài)一致是英語四、六級考試的一個重要內(nèi)容。通常應由主句謂語的時態(tài)決定從句的謂語時態(tài)。一般原則是：
1、當主句謂語使用現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，從句的謂語根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時態(tài)
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、當主句謂語使用過去時的時候，從句的謂語必須使用過去范圍的時態(tài)
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當從句是表示沒有時間概念的真理時，從句的謂語應使用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此種情況下，即使主句謂語用了過去式的.各種時態(tài)，從句謂語也應用一般現(xiàn)在時。
4、從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣的情況
利用時態(tài)一致原則確定從句動詞時態(tài)時，還應注意，若主語動詞是表示命令、請求、要求、建議、勸告等的動詞，從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣，不能遵循時態(tài)一致原則。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
動詞的語態(tài)
語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動語態(tài))
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動語態(tài))
1.不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞和短語
(1)在英語中，不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，但有些不及物動詞(包括短語)容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動語態(tài)。
2.被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)形式
常用的被動語態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時態(tài)形式。
SPAN> 一般時 進行時 完成時
現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過去 should be asked should have been asked
將來 would be asked would have been asked
3.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)
短語動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時，通常被看作是一個動詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分詞”的被動語態(tài)
“get + -ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，而非動作本身，常用來表示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談論為自己做的事，是主動的行為而不是被動的行為。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)
get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)
get married(結(jié)婚)
5.能帶兩個賓語和復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)
(1)能帶兩個賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一次只能由一個賓語作主語，另一個賓語被保留下來。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主動語態(tài))
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動語態(tài))
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動語態(tài))
(2)能帶復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，原來的賓語補足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動語態(tài))
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動語態(tài))
6.被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
(1)The novel was well written.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動語態(tài))
7.少數(shù)動詞的主動語態(tài)有時有被動的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動詞還有read(讀起來)，clean(擦起來)，wash(洗起來)，write(寫起來)。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動詞還有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.
初中英語語法總結(jié)15
感嘆句是表示驚異和喜、怒、哀、樂等強烈感情的句子。感嘆句通常由what和how開頭，句末用感嘆號，讀時用降調(diào)。How修飾形容詞、副詞或句子;What修飾名詞。
what引起的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)
What+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!如
What a clever boy he is!(他是個)多么聰明的男孩啊!
What an interesting story it is!(這是個)多么有趣的故事啊!
What fine weather it is!多好的天氣啊!
What beautiful flowers they are!(它們是)多么漂亮的花啊!
注意
在感嘆句中，What a/an 常用來修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，若其前面的形容詞為元音開頭，則用an。what
用來修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。但有些不可數(shù)名詞，如 rain，surprise，breakfast，lunch
等，當前面有形容詞修飾，使抽象名詞具體化時，則要用 what a/an，如
What a heavy rain it is!多大的一場雨啊!
What a great surprise it is!這多么令人驚奇啊!
What a rich breakfast it is!多么豐盛的一頓早餐啊!
How引起的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)
How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!如
How well you look!你氣色真好!
How kind you are!你心腸真好!
How beautifully you sing!你唱得真好聽!
Strawberries!How nice!草莓!多好呀!
How clever the boy is!這個男孩多么聰明啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!
注意
how還可以修飾動詞構(gòu)成感嘆句，但動詞不提前。如
How I want to be a doctor!我多么想成為一名醫(yī)生啊!
How she dances!她跳得多好啊!
How I missed you.我多么想念你啊。
How you've grown!你都長這么大啦!
How you've changed!你的變化真大!
How he wished for a drink!他多希望能有點東西喝!
How things get around!Everyone must know you are in
town.消息傳得多快!人們一定都知道你到城里來了。
what感嘆句與how感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換
what感嘆句和how感嘆句有時候可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如
How interesting the book is!
=What an interesting book it is!這本書多有趣啊!
沒有感嘆詞的感嘆句
感嘆句除用what和how引出外，還可有其他許多形式，如可用陳述句、疑問句、祈使句等表達感嘆語氣，有時甚至一個單詞或一個短語也可用作感嘆句。如
Stop talking!不要講話了!
Isn't it a lovely day!天氣真好!
The garden looks so lovely today!這花園今天真美!
Fire!失火了!
Very good!很好!
【中考速遞】
[上海中考考題] _____ wonderful speech Emma gave at the UN conference!
A.How B.What C.What a D.What an
[廣東中考考題]Tommy，_____ play basketball in the street next time.You may get
hit by a car.
A.do B.don't C.must D.mustn't
[山東濟南中考考題] — _____ dressed now!We have to go in ten minutes.
— OK，Mom.
A.Getting B.Get C.To get D.dots
[陜西中考考題] — Volunteers from Lantian Saving Team have saved many travellers
in the mountains.
— _____ they are!
A.How great a man B.How great men
C.What a great man D.What great men
[吉林長春中考考題] _____ great news it is!We'll have a school trip next week.
A.What a B.What C.How a D.How
[云南昆明中考考題] — Have you watched the boat races this Dragon Boat
Festival?
— Yes._____ wonderful races!
A.What an B.What a C.What D.How
【答案點撥】
答案C 句意Emma在聯(lián)合國會議上做了一場非常精彩的演講。由句意可知考查感嘆句;由中心詞speech可知用what
a引起感嘆句，故選C。
答案B 考查祈使句。句意湯米，下次不要在街上踢足球了。汽車可能會撞著你。由句意可知這里考查祈使句的否定式，故選B。
答案B 句意“現(xiàn)在就穿衣服!十分鐘之內(nèi)我們必須走。”“好的，媽媽。”由句意可知這是一個祈使句，動詞要用原形。故選B。
答案D
句意“藍天救援隊的志愿者已在山中救出了許多游客。”“他們是多么偉大的人啊!”由句意可知后句為感嘆句;由感嘆句中的`they可知man用復數(shù)men，且用what引起感嘆句，故選D。
答案B 句意這是多么棒的消息呀!我們下周將有一個學校旅行。news是不可數(shù)名詞，用what引導感嘆句，故選B。
答案C 句意“在這次端午節(jié)你看過龍舟賽了嗎?”“是的。多么精彩的比賽啊!”由句末的復數(shù)名詞races可知用what引導感嘆句，故選C。
【語法專練 體驗中考】
[山東濟南] — Making paper bottles?Wow，_____ great idea!
— Thank you.We may use less plastic in this way.
A.how B.what C.what an D.what a
[青海西寧] Do you want to be healthy?_____.Smiling can help you stay
healthy.
A.Smile B.Smiling C.To smile D.Smiled
[吉林長春] _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou.I'll meet you at
the airport.
A.Sending B.To send C.Sends D.Send
[云南考題] _____ exciting boat race it was!Many people watched it.
A.What a B.What an C.How D.How a
[黑龍江齊齊哈爾] The girl got the only chance to study abroad._____ proud her
parents felt!
A.How B.What C.What a
[湖北黃石] _____ to smile at your life when you are in trouble，and you will
soon be happy again.
A.Try B.To try C.Trying D.Tried
[四川攀枝花] _____ your umbrella，or you'll catch a cold on such a rainy
day.
A.Take B.To take C.Taking D.Takes
[黑龍江綏化] _____ cold weather it is!
A.How a B.What a C.What
[湖南湘西] — _____ run in the hallways，Mike.
— Sorry.Ms.Clark.
A.Don't B.Please C.No
10.[山東泰安] As we all know，life is short but amazing._____ it!
A.Enjoy B.To enjoy C.Enjoying D.Enjoyed
1[重慶考題] — Jack，don't always copy what others do._____ your
head，please.
— Thanks for telling me.
A.Using B.Used C.Uses D.Use
1[湖南常德] We have to say goodbye._____ time flies!
A.What B.How C.What a
【答案速遞】
D A D B A A A C A 10.A 1D 1B
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