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淺談英語句子中的省略
一 省略句的概說省略句是我們在學(xué)習(xí)英語過程中能不斷體驗收獲和趣味的一種慣用手法，無論是說話還是寫作，都要求生動活潑，簡明扼要。按照語法的分析, 有時句子應(yīng)具備的成分出于修辭上的需要, 會缺少一個或幾個句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)所必要的語言成分，但在一定語境中可獨立存在，仍能表達其意義完整并發(fā)揮交流功能的句子則被稱為省略句。省略的結(jié)果不僅能使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加精練，而且可起到連接上下文并使相鄰詞語達到強調(diào)的作用。
英語省略句用詞簡練, 表意簡練, 往往收到一定的修飾效果, 句中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明確信息或前文已出現(xiàn)過的某些成分，為了避免不必要的重復(fù)，也不會引起言語上的誤解，并可突出中心詞，從而使整文緊密連接的一種修辭手法，其語法現(xiàn)象就是省略。舉個例子：Glad to see you. 這是個簡單句，主語I和謂語am可以省略。省略的形式從單詞、短語到分句等都可省略, 而且各有其一定的銜接關(guān)系。
二 省略句的分類
（一）句中成分的省略
1. 主語的省略
Beg your pardon. （我）請你原諒。（Beg前省略了主語I）
Come on! 得了吧（你）！（Come前省略了主語You）
2. 謂語的省略
John is a lawyer，his wife (is) a cleaner.
Some of us study Japanese，others (study) English.
3. 表語的省略
She was a lover of sports as she had been in her youth..（had been后面省略了a lover of sports）
4. 賓語的省略
Let’s do the cases. I’ll read and you’ll type.（read和 type后面省略了賓語cases）
5. 定語的省略
I spent part of the money, and the rest I gave.（the rest后面省略了定語of the money）
6. 狀語的省略
She wasn’t cry. Strange! （Strange前面省略了狀語how）
7. 詞的省略
1）名詞、冠詞、物主代詞或介詞如果與前文重復(fù)時，可以省略，如：
I like red wine better than white (wine).
The lightning flashed and (the) thunder crashed.
Please take good care of these flowers and (these) plants.
We lived in Beijing and (in) Shanghai for some time.
2）重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的形容詞，省略后邊的；兩個或兩個以上被形容詞修飾的同一名詞，前邊的則常被省略。
We are young boys and (young) girls.
There were middle-aged (women) and elderly women to attend the meeting;
8. 英語中一些固定特殊的省略結(jié)構(gòu)
1）在回答一般疑問句的簡略答語中，或回答用陳述句，祈使句表示要求、命令的簡略回答中，常用Yes /No＋主語＋助動詞，而省略主動詞或其它成份，但助動詞應(yīng)和原句的助動詞和時間概念須保持相應(yīng)的一致。
— Could I borrow your dictionary?
— Yes, of course you can. (句中 could表示委婉語氣，并不是過去式，因此答語用can，其后省略borrow my dictionary.)
— Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
— I won't. (祈使句原含有未來的意味，再加上有tomorrow的限制，因此答語用 won't，其后省略forget to go you’re your birthday party tomorrow.)
2) 同時省掉句子幾個部分有時好幾個句子成分都被省掉，除了對疑問句的簡略回答外，也出現(xiàn)在反意疑問句中。如：You are a superman，aren’t you (a superman) ?
3）在以know, forget, remember等動詞結(jié)尾的簡答句后的子句通常也可省略，以避免重復(fù)。
— Who won the football match last night?
— Sorry, I don’t know (who won the football match last night.)
4）在以if, when，though，as，as if 等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句中，如從句中主要動詞是be，可將主語和動詞be省掉。
He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old.
The boy looked as if ( he were ) afraid of nothing.
5）so，nor/neither 用來表示“……也一樣”時的省略結(jié)構(gòu)
— I am a student.
— So am I (a student).
— We haven't been there.
— Neither (Nor) have we (been there).
（二）句中結(jié)構(gòu)的省略
1. 簡單句的省略
1）名詞所有格之后的省略
He is going to his uncle’s (house).
2) 含there be結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略
(Is there) Anything wrong?
3) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的分詞如為being或having been時的省略
The examination (being) over, we all left the school.
4) 不定式的省略
（1）并列的不定式
Her job is to take care of the elders and (to) wash their clothes.
（2）為避免重復(fù), 作某些動詞hope, want等賓語或tell, order, ask的賓補時，省略不定式短語, 只保留不定式符號to.
The child wanted to play in the street, but her mother told her not to.
（ 此句中 not to 后省略了和上文相重復(fù)的play in the street.） .
（3）感官動詞see, hear, feel, notice, hear或使役動詞let, make, have,等后跟不定式作賓補時省略to.
I saw the girl cross the street.
I had my father repair my bike.
注意：當(dāng)感官動詞與使役動詞用于被動時，需恢復(fù)to的省略! 如：The girl was seen to cross the street.
（4）有had better, would rather, can’t but 或Why not等句型后面直接跟動詞原形，實際上是接省to的不定式。
You had better tell me the truth.
I could not but (to) laugh at him.
Why not go and ask the teacher for help?
（5）在回答問句及其它形式的答語中，如有和上文重復(fù)的不定式時，在答語中只保留其不定式符號to，而把動詞和其它部分省略。
— Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
— I'd like to. But I'm too busy. （ 此句中的I'd like to 后省略了come to dinner tonight.）
5) 介詞（或介詞短語）的省略
（1）動名詞前面的介詞in在一定條件下常被省略
We spent a large sum of money (in) building the mansion.
而當(dāng)spend money in doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)用于被動語態(tài)時in不能省略
A large sum of money was spent in building the mansion.
（2）near或opposite作形容詞表示“在…的附近”或“在…對面”時后接的介詞to可省略
It is near (to) the airport, opposite (to) the supermarket.
（3）of +形容詞+名詞作補語表示大小、年齡、形狀、顏色或價格時of常被省略
We are（of）the same age, I suppose.
（4）含有side, height, length, size, shape等慣用語前介詞on有時可被省略
Try to keep your discourse（on）this side of 3000 words．
（5）有些動詞、名詞、形容詞習(xí)慣搭配介詞短語, 在以what, when, how, whether, that出現(xiàn)的從句或不定式短語之前有時被省略介詞短語as to.
Be careful (as to) how you do that.
6) 同源賓語的省略
同源賓語的修飾語是形容詞最高級或含有最高級意義時可以省去該同源賓語
During the football match, the fans all shouted their loudest (shout).
She sang her sweetest (song).
7) 英語中慣用的省略句型
即，What/How about后只跟名詞、代詞或動名詞（短語），以及感嘆句中的省略現(xiàn)象。
How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden?
What a beautiful view (it is)!
2. 并列句中的省略
1) 并列句的省略是最常見的，一般說來，在后一并列句中凡是與上文相同的成分通常都會被省略。
To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard.
2) 簡單句的并列結(jié)構(gòu)中也常有省略的做法
We may go there by train or (by) air.
3）并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)有時會出現(xiàn)在狀語從句中
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
（此句中，前一個分句帶一個As引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，狀語從句中 move away from 后為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)，their…，their…，their…在and后的分句中，the confidence后省略了is cut off.）
3. 復(fù)合句中的省略
1） 復(fù)合句中從句的句尾和主句相重復(fù)時從句的句尾部分可省掉
Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won't (sweep the floor).
2）含有定語從句的復(fù)合句
（1）定語從句中可以省略作賓語的關(guān)系代詞；非正式文體中，也可省略關(guān)系副詞when或why.
I shall never forget the day (when) I entered TV University.
I like the film for the very reason (why) you dislike it.
（2）關(guān)系代詞as后面的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)也可省略
He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.
3）含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句
（1）在兩個并列的that從句如主動詞及其賓語、表語、狀語等都一樣時可將第二個that從句的主動詞及隨帶成份省略。
I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane won't (dance in the party).
（2）在兩個并列的that從句如主語相同，而謂語不同，可把第二個that從句的連詞和主語一起省略。
Tell Peter that I'll call to see him and (that I 'll ) have talk with him.
（3）在兩個并列從句如連詞不同而其它成份相同時，可省略第一分句和第二分句相同的部分，只把兩個連詞連接起來。
Her parents don't know when (she was born) and where she was born.
（4）在以某些形容詞或過去分詞，如：sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied的詞所引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
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