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考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解 不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。
一、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)
以動(dòng)詞do為例:
語(yǔ)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 在上述表格中:
(1) 不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生,前后緊接發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之后。
例句: Nobody saw him to come into the office, for three of us were all busy with our own affairs.(saw和came into兩動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。從句用for引導(dǎo)表原因。
譯文: 沒(méi)有人看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)辦公室,因?yàn)槲覀內(nèi)齻(gè)人都在各自忙碌著自己的瑣事。
例句: The Smiths have invited me to go to their family party next Sunday, but I am afraid that I will be busy by then.(to go to...明顯在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞have invited之后)
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 斯密斯一家人已經(jīng)邀請(qǐng)我下周日參加他們的家庭聚會(huì),但是我擔(dān)心到時(shí)脫不開(kāi)身。
(2) 不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前,可以用下述句型加以說(shuō)明,在句型It is said/believed/reported/thought/that sth. /sb....中,可以用不定式的完成式來(lái)相互轉(zhuǎn)換,即sb. /sth. is said/believed/reported/thought to be/to be done/to have done/to have been done。
例句: The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty?five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president.(to have been set up發(fā)生在be reported 之前)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。when Dr. Audon became its first president是修飾twenty?five years ago的定語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 據(jù)報(bào)道,這個(gè)地方衛(wèi)生組織25年前就成立了,那時(shí)Audon博士就擔(dān)任了首任主席。
例句: The Bunsen bumer is so named because it is thought to have been invented by Robert Bunsen, who was German by birth.(to have been invented發(fā)生在be thought之前)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。because引導(dǎo)一原因狀語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句who was German by birth 修飾Robert Bunsen。
譯文: 本生燈的得名是因?yàn)槿藗冋J(rèn)為它是由羅伯特·本生發(fā)明的,羅伯特·本生生于德國(guó)。
(3) 不定式進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
例句: They are said to be building another bridge across the river in that country. (to be building所表示動(dòng)作與are said同時(shí)發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 據(jù)說(shuō),他們正在那個(gè)國(guó)家架設(shè)另一座大橋。
二、不定式的用法
(一)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)
例句: It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with once for all. (2001年第16題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to expect that any society...,it is faced with是修飾problems的定語(yǔ)從句,其前省略了作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系詞。
譯文: 期盼任何一個(gè)社會(huì)能夠一勞永逸地解決它所面臨的各種社會(huì)問(wèn)題的想法太天真了。
例句: It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.(選自2006年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正主語(yǔ)為to raise prices too much,because 后引導(dǎo)一狀語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele修飾people。
譯文: 把票價(jià)抬得太高是不合理的,因?yàn)檫@會(huì)趕跑斯特福特鎮(zhèn)最能吸引住的客源——年輕人。
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