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淺析考研英語閱讀之同義替換
隨著炎炎夏日的到來, 同學(xué)們的復(fù)習(xí)進(jìn)度也正在進(jìn)行的如火如荼。在英語閱讀塊面，仔細(xì)閱讀考研文章之后, 再來看題目和選項(xiàng), 相比很多同學(xué)都已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)共性，那就是：同義替換。很多題目和選項(xiàng)都或多或少的與原文里的句子有些不大一樣，但是意思卻基本相同。下面考研英語教研室仇永香老師就2002年文中里出現(xiàn)的同義替換簡要跟大家來分享下，希望在以后的閱讀過程中注意此類選項(xiàng)和原文做對(duì)比, 以提高做題效率。
Text1 是一篇講述如何在對(duì)話中有效使用幽默的文章
1. ：To make your humor work, you should ________.
答案C：address different problems to different people
定位原文：Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.
答題要點(diǎn)：既然是細(xì)節(jié)題,并且出現(xiàn)在第一道,那么應(yīng)該正確答案理應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在文章前面段落,并且很可能就是第一段.正確選項(xiàng)和原文之間并非出現(xiàn)詞匯的同義替換, 而是換了句型.
2：The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.
正確答案B：very conscious of their godlike role
原文復(fù)現(xiàn)："Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
答題要點(diǎn)：這個(gè)題目難度較大, 但是解本題的時(shí)候, 除了找到此同義替換局外, 還有一點(diǎn)是關(guān)鍵的, 那就是這個(gè)例子出現(xiàn)的背景, 那就是護(hù)士對(duì)醫(yī)生有著一致的看法和觀點(diǎn), 并且絕對(duì)不是一種好的評(píng)價(jià), 所以才會(huì)拿來開玩笑. 所以再結(jié)合原文, 應(yīng)該推斷, B為正確選項(xiàng).說明醫(yī)生很在乎自己上帝般的角色God再次出現(xiàn)。
3： It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
正確答案D：have often been the laughing stock
原文定位：You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
答題要點(diǎn)：the Post Office or the telephone system與public services屬于上下義的關(guān)系，因此一定程度上屬于同義替換, 并且laughing stock與scapegoats如果仔細(xì)看這段文字的話, 也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn), 其實(shí)就是同義的表達(dá)而已.
4：To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.
答案D：as casually as possible
原文定位：If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
答題要點(diǎn)：先定位, 然后再來分析發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中nature, casual, off-the-cuff，relaxed, unforced全都是答案中casually的同義詞, 如此之多, 完全可以判定正確選項(xiàng)D
Text 2
1: Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
正確答案C：the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
原文定位：Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
解題要點(diǎn)：本題的難度較小, 很容易辨析, 在原文與選項(xiàng)的對(duì)比之后發(fā)現(xiàn)tools 再次出現(xiàn)，difficult, dangerous是dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty的同義替換, 也就是換個(gè)方式把原文的意思重新表達(dá)一次, 很明顯為正確選項(xiàng).
2: The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.
正確答案C：devices
原文定位：As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
解題要點(diǎn)：從題型來看, 這屬于典型的詞匯題, 而詞匯題的做題關(guān)鍵則是在原文的上下文中找出相應(yīng)的近義詞, 同義詞和反義詞之類, 也可以使同義表達(dá).從后面定語從句來看，重點(diǎn)是remove human labor. 再從后面的幾個(gè)例子中，factory, banking, subway train幾個(gè)東西都是工具，得出答案。
3：題：According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can __
正確答案D：respond independently to a changing world
原文定位："While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
答題要點(diǎn)：reliably interact with a dynamic world是文章中的respond independently to a changing world同義轉(zhuǎn)化，并且題目中也有類似的同義替換, 如beyond man’s ability 等同于原文中的 can not yet give…
4：Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
正確答案B：deal with some errors with human intervention
原文定位：But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge….while we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error…
答題要點(diǎn)：同義替換, with human intervention替換了文中with less human supervision.
比其他一些題目更難的地方在于, 這句話無論是原文還是正確選項(xiàng)都有個(gè)前提, 所以必須考慮進(jìn)來, 如果不考慮前提, 很有可能出現(xiàn)斷章取義, 導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選了A, make a few decision for themselves.
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