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the用法歸納
歸納指歸攏并使有條理，也指一種推理方法，由一系列具體的事實(shí)概括出一般原理。下面是小編整理的the用法歸納，希望能夠幫助到大家。
the用法歸納1
一、根據(jù)主語(yǔ)辨析
雖然三者均可表示“花費(fèi)”，但所用主語(yǔ)不同：take的主語(yǔ)可以是事或物(包括形式主語(yǔ)it)，也可以是人;spend的主語(yǔ)只能是人，不能是事或物;cost的主語(yǔ)通常是事或物(包括形式主語(yǔ)it)，不能是人。如：
It took me an hour to write the letter.我寫(xiě)這封信花了一個(gè)小時(shí)。
I spent an hour writing the letter.(譯文同上)
The letter took me an hour (to write)(譯文同上)
The computer cost (me) $2000.這臺(tái)電腦花了(我) 2000美元。
It costs $1000 a year to run a car.使用一輛車(chē)每年要花1000美元。
I have spent all day looking for you.我花了一整天找你。
注：若cost不是表示“花費(fèi)”，而是表示客觀地或被動(dòng)地“耗費(fèi)”，則也可用人作主語(yǔ)。如：Smokers cost them a lot of money every year.抽煙的人每年要耗費(fèi)他們不少錢(qián)。
二、根據(jù)賓語(yǔ)辨析
take的賓語(yǔ)通常是時(shí)間，cost的`賓語(yǔ)通常是錢(qián)，而spend的賓語(yǔ)則可以是時(shí)間或錢(qián)。如：
It took her two hours to walk to the station.走路去車(chē)站花了她兩小時(shí)。
He spends much time (money) on books.他花了很多時(shí)間讀(錢(qián)買(mǎi))書(shū)。
How much did it cost to build the bridge?建這座橋花了多少錢(qián)?
注：cost有時(shí)也用于時(shí)間，但通常只用于籠統(tǒng)時(shí)間(一般不用于具體明確的時(shí)間)。如：Making experiments like this costs much time and labour.做這樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)要花很多時(shí)間和勞力。
按傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法，take的賓語(yǔ)通常是時(shí)間，但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，用錢(qián)作其賓語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象已很普遍。如：It takes a lot of money to buy a house.買(mǎi)一座房子要花一大筆錢(qián)。
三、根據(jù)句型辨析
從句型結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看。三者的通常句型為：
it costs (sb) money to do sth做某事花某人多少錢(qián)。
sb spends time (money) on sth某人在某一方面花多少錢(qián)。
sth costs (sb) money某物花某人多少錢(qián)。
sb spends time (money) in [on] doing sth某人在做某事方面花多少錢(qián)。
it takes sb time (money) to do sth = it takes time (money) for sb to do sth做某事花某人多少時(shí)間或錢(qián)。
sth takes sb time (money) to do某事花某人多少時(shí)間或錢(qián)去做。
sb takes time (money) to do某人花多少時(shí)間或錢(qián)去做某事。
the用法歸納2
一、定義：
定語(yǔ)由一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)，那么這個(gè)句子就叫做定語(yǔ)從句。
eg: 其中劃線(xiàn)部分為定語(yǔ)從句。
二、分類(lèi)：
分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，還有間隔性定語(yǔ)從句。 (限制性定語(yǔ)從句)(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)(間隔性定語(yǔ)從句)
注：定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
限制性定語(yǔ)從句無(wú)逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)、不可缺少、起修飾限制作用;而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)、可有可無(wú)、起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。
三、構(gòu)成：
定語(yǔ)從句有先行詞、引導(dǎo)詞和從句構(gòu)成。
先行詞是定語(yǔ)從句所修飾限制的名詞或代詞。
引導(dǎo)詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。
eg: The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.此句中先行詞為：narrow streets and small houses, 引導(dǎo)詞為：that， 定語(yǔ)從句為：that are built close to each other
四、基本原則
定語(yǔ)從句中不能出現(xiàn)與先行詞在意義上相一致的詞 與book指同一物，所以要去掉。)
五、定語(yǔ)從句中常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)：
考點(diǎn)一.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的辨別
1.關(guān)系代詞that(人、物)，which(物)、who(m)(人)、whose(某人的，某物的)、as。
2.關(guān)系副詞when(表時(shí)間)、where(表地點(diǎn))、why(表原因)。
注：關(guān)系副詞可變?yōu)椤敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)(即：關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞)。eg:This is the mountain village where(=in which)I stayed last month.
3.怎樣選擇正確的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞 方法一：找出先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞，看定從中動(dòng)詞與先行詞能否構(gòu)成習(xí)慣搭配。能，用關(guān)系代詞;不能，用關(guān)系副詞.
Eg.I will never forget the day定從中動(dòng)詞spent 與先行詞
the day 構(gòu)成spent the day ,所以用關(guān)系代詞that或which或省略)
系代詞。如不缺少，定語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)意思相對(duì)完整，用關(guān)系副詞。
eg:
�、賂his is the factory ____ made cars .(缺少主語(yǔ)，所以用關(guān)系代詞that 或which，作主語(yǔ)不能省略)
�、赥his is the reason _______ he was late for school.(定語(yǔ)從句he was late for school 表
達(dá)意思相對(duì)完整，所以用關(guān)系副詞why 或介詞+關(guān)系代詞for which) 注意：當(dāng)先行詞為case、position、point、situation、society、activity等抽象意義的名詞時(shí)，常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.
eg:He got himself into a dangerous situation where he may lose control of the plane .
考點(diǎn)二.定從中that 與which的區(qū)別
1.關(guān)系代詞只用that的情況。
(1)當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞(all、much、little、few、some、any、none、one、something、anything、everything等)或先行詞被不定形容詞(all、many、some、few、little等)修飾時(shí)。 that you want to say for yourself?
(2)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。 that you are talking about.
(3)當(dāng)先行詞含有序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)時(shí)。
eg: ① will go to Beijing.
�、�(4)當(dāng)先行詞被only、very、next、last等修飾時(shí)。
that I’m looking for.
(5)在who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句中。 that you lost?
(6)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。 that it used to be.
2.關(guān)系代詞只用which的情況。
(1)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。
eg:He turned to be a very successful man,(2)在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞只用which。
eg:This is the question they have so much discussion in the past few weeks.
(3)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后有插入成分時(shí)。
eg: Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, which, of course, made all the others upset.
3.指人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只用who(m)的情況。
(1)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。 (2)當(dāng)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞(賓格形式)”結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。 (3)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后有插入成分時(shí)。
eg:This is my friend who,I think,is the best in our class..
(4)在There be句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞指人時(shí)。
eg:There is a young lady who asks for you.
考點(diǎn)三：as的用法及as與which的區(qū)別
1.as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
(1)as常用于固定搭配中：the same...as，such…as，as/so…as
eg:①比較：Zhengzhou is such a wonderful city that everyone likes to visit it.
注意：第一句是定語(yǔ)從句，所以定從中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)與先行詞city 意義上一致的詞，第二句是狀語(yǔ)從句，that 后應(yīng)為完整句子，所以it 不能省略。
�、谕瑯拥牡皇峭惠v)
比較：Today he wears the same coat that he did yesterday .(同一件衣服)
(2)as常用于固定句型中：as we all / everyboby know(s), ,as is often the case,as we expect等。
eg:As we all know,Zhengzhou is an attractive city.
2.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，as與which的區(qū)別
�、胖复湓�(huà)內(nèi)容時(shí)，as可位于主句前面、中間或后面;而which一般位于主句后。另外，which還可指代一個(gè)名詞或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)。
eg①: As we all know,Tom is a good boy.
�、冢篊hina,which was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.
�、郏篠he doesn't think she is wrong,which makes her teacher angry.(which指代上文整個(gè)句子)
�、�.aswhich沒(méi)有，
eg: ①He succeeded this time,as had been expected.
�、赟he has made great progress,which makes her parents very happy.
�、跘s we all know,knowledge changes life.
考點(diǎn)四.定從中所屬關(guān)系的表達(dá)
whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)必須和名詞放在一起。whose+n(s)=the+n(s)+of which/whom=of +which/whom+the+n(s)
考點(diǎn)五.定從中動(dòng)詞形式與先行詞的一致
eg: ①②③
考點(diǎn)六.the way作先行詞引導(dǎo)定從時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用in which/that/省略。
eg:I don’t like the way that/in which/省略he spoke to me.
考點(diǎn)七.介詞+關(guān)系代詞
在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞表示人,只能用whom ;關(guān)系代詞表示物,只能用which。
怎樣選擇正確的介詞
1.根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來(lái)決定。如：
① This is the pen on which I spent 10 yuan.(spend money on sth.為固定搭配)
�、� This is the pen for which I paid 10 yuan.(pay money for sth.為固定搭配)
2.根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣來(lái)決定。如：
�、� I remember the day on which I graduated from high school.(強(qiáng)調(diào)在具體某一天要用介詞on)
② I remember the days during which I lived in Russia.(強(qiáng)調(diào)在某幾天時(shí)間內(nèi)要用介詞during)
�、� I remember the month in which I got along with Tom(在month前介詞要用in)
3.根據(jù)從句中動(dòng)詞與先行詞的邏輯關(guān)系。
Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?(write ...for the article)
4.根據(jù)從句中形容詞的習(xí)慣搭配。
�、賂he secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her carelessness .( be happy with "對(duì)表示滿(mǎn)意") 老板對(duì)其不滿(mǎn)意的那個(gè)秘書(shū)將由于她粗心而被解雇。
②He is a learned man with whom we are familiar.( be familiar with 對(duì)...熟悉)他是一位我們熟悉的有學(xué)識(shí)的人。
5.有些“動(dòng)詞+介詞”的.固定詞組不可拆開(kāi)用
常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞詞組有：look for,look after, care for,send for,hear of，hear from, deal with,
get through,pay attention to等。 Eg .This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for.這是我正在找的手表。 This is the watch for which I am looking.(錯(cuò)誤)
6.“不定代詞both,some,any,many,(a)few,none，neither等 +of whom 或of which，表示整體與部分的關(guān)系或所屬關(guān)系
eg: ①(很多蘋(píng)果中有一些是紅色)
比較：I have many apples and some of them are bad .
�、诒容^：He has three children but none of them is kind to him .
7.“介詞+which+to do”作定語(yǔ)的情況
介詞+which+to do作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于介詞+which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。其中定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致，且從句含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
eg:①Frank’s dream was to have a shop in which to produce the workings of his own hands.
(=Frank’s dream was to have a shop in which he could produce the workings of his ownhands.)
�、贖e has no house in which to live.(=He has no house in which he can live.)
8.“介詞+where”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的情況
有時(shí)候，我們可以見(jiàn)到“介詞+where”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況。此時(shí)，where代替的是表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)。
eg:You can look out of the window,from where you get a good view.(其中where=out of thewindow)
考點(diǎn)八：定從句與短語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)化
1.The girl (who is )dancing now just returned from Beijing.正在跳舞的女孩剛從北京回來(lái)。
2.I love the stories (which were) written by Mary .我喜歡瑪麗寫(xiě)的故事。
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