考研英語(一)真題及答案（完整版）
在現(xiàn)實的學習、工作中，我們經常接觸到考試真題，借助考試真題可以檢測考試者對某方面知識或技能的掌握程度。你所了解的考試真題是什么樣的呢？下面是小編為大家整理的考研英語(一)真題及答案（完整版），希望能夠幫助到大家。
考研英語(一)真題及答案 1
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people.Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them.If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect,and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to“win”an argument.
B.Of course,many discussions are not so successful.Still,we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly.We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments,but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves.Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to.Next time you state your position,formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good.Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably.Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.Like physical fights,verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win,you end up no better off.Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like,say,tennis games.Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered.Everybody else loses.This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments,especially about politics and religion.
E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get the
best of an argument-and that is to avoid it.“This aversion to arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F.These views of arguments also undermine reason.If you see a conversation as a fight or competition,you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught.You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments.You can call their views stupid,or joke about how ignorant they are.None of these tricks will help you understand them,their positions or the issues that divide you,but they can help you win-in one way.
G.There is a better way to win arguments.Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state,and I do not.If you yell,“yes,”and I yell.“No,”neither of us learns anything.We neither understand nor respect each other,and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation.In contrast,suppose you give a reasonable argument:that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty.Then I counter with another reasonable argument:that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time.Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values,since we both care about needy workers.
41→42→F→43→44→C→45
41-45參考答案及解析：
E D G B A
41.E[In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it.]
段落排序解題若首段未給出，首先需要大家通讀全部選項首句話，本句首句話中的句間銜接關系排除選首段。本篇文章中，A選項第一句話中含有指代關系詞these故根據(jù)該詞確定本選項直接排除，B選項有of cause銜接上下文的詞出現(xiàn)，D選項可以作為首段的可能選項，E選項也可以作為首段的可能選項，G選項首句中含有better way比較級，故本題的答案應在D或E選項中得出，根據(jù)D選項人物Carnegie和E選項人物Dale Carnegie的名稱特點，可以得知首次出現(xiàn)應為全名形式，故本題的答案應為E選項。
42.D[Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.]
首段為Carnegie的觀點信息，故下段復現(xiàn)應為該人物的觀點承接，故通過掃讀剩下的選項可知該題只有D選項可以承接。
43.G[There is a better way to win arguments.]
該題上一段最后一句話為“None of these tricks will help you understand them,their positions or the issues that divide you,but they can help you win--in one way.”可知these tricks是對上文信息的否定，下文應該復現(xiàn)win arguments的肯定的表述，根據(jù)選項分析可知G選項首句There is a better way to win arguments.正好與F選項尾句形成首尾銜接。
44.B[Of course,many discussions are not so successful.Still,we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly.]
該題上段為G段，尾句講述的是Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values,since we both care about needy workers.而根據(jù)銜接可確定G段講述的`是成功的討論，B選項首句not so successful正銜接上文，轉折講述不成功的案例。
45.A[These tools can help you win every argument--not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people.]
上段C選項中Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably.Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.最后這幾句話主要講的是有關于談話的四種手段，正好與A選項首句中的These tools形成呼應關系，故本題答案應為A選項。
考研英語(一)真題及答案
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need joumals in which to publish
their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms:either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around￡500 to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.
26、Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money"partly because________
[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
<B>its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.
27、According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier have________
[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.
<B>gone through an existential crisis.
[C]revived the publishing industry.
[D]financed researchers generously.
28、How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A]Relieved.
<B>Puzzled.
[C]Concerned
[D]Encouraged.
29、It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
[A]allow publishers some room to make money.
<B>render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C]reduce the cost of publication substantially.
[D]free universities from financial burdens.
30、Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
[A]Trial subscription is offered.
<B>Labour triumphs over status.
[C]Costs are well controlled.
D]The few feed on the many.
答案：
26、細節(jié)題D its content acquisition cost nothing
根據(jù)題干中關鍵詞a licence to print money because,定位到第一段第二句，其他科學家也免費進行同行評議的專門工作，因為它是獲得地位和生產科學知識的核心要素。正確選項D，acquisition原詞，for free替換選項中的，cost nothing.
27、細節(jié)題A thrived mainly on universities libraries
根據(jù)題干關鍵詞Elsevier定位到第三段第一句話，The Dutch giant Elsevier,....made profits of more than 490m last year.while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,該公司去年利潤超過4.9億英鎊然而僅英國大學在2016年就花費了超過2.1億英鎊。正確選項A主要依靠大學圖書館為定位句的同意表達
28、態(tài)度題B concerned
根據(jù)題干中關鍵詞Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句，The success of Sci-Hub,....have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants這表明法律生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在其用戶中已經失去了合法性，必須進行改造，以便為所有參與者服務.可見作者對于Sci-Hub的成功采取否定態(tài)度，正確選項B concerned擔憂，擔心。A relieved寬慰的.，C puzzled困惑的屬錯誤選項，D encouraged鼓勵的，正反混淆
29、推斷題A allow publishers some room to make money
根據(jù)題干關鍵詞open access定位到第四段，最后一句...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取費用是未來出版商能夠獲利，A選項為同義替換。B render publishing much easier for scientists使發(fā)表對科學家來說容易得多.C reduce the cost of publication substantiality降低出版成本D.free universities from financial burdens使大學擺脫財政負擔
30、細節(jié)題D the few feed on the many
根據(jù)題干關鍵詞scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.勞動力被免費提供，以換取地位的希望，而一些經營市場的大公司則獲得了巨額利潤�？芍俨糠肿髡呙赓M勞動，大部分公司盈利，A選項為同義替換。
考研英語(一)真題及答案3
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This years rise,an average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lower than last years,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However,over the past12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21.【題干】The author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares_____.
【選項】
A.will ease train operationsburden.
B.has kept pace with inflation.
C.is a big surprise to commuters.
D.remains an unreasonable measure.
【答案】D
22.【題干】The stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for_____.
【選項】
A.car drivers
B.rail travellers
C.local investors
D.ordinary taxpayers
【答案】B
23.【題干】It is indicated in 3 that train operators_____.
【選項】
A.are offering compensations to commuters.
B.are trying to repair relations with the unions.
C.have failed to provide an adequate service.
D.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.
【答案】C
24.【題干】If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face_____.
【選項】
A.the loss of investment.
B.the collapse of operations.
C.a reduction of revenue
D.a change of ownership.
【答案】D
25.【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
【選項】
A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
B.Constant Complaining Doesnt Work
C.Can Nationalization Bring Hope?
D.Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable
【答案】D
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