英語語法知識點(diǎn)【精選】
在日常的學(xué)習(xí)中，大家都沒少背知識點(diǎn)吧？知識點(diǎn)也不一定都是文字，數(shù)學(xué)的知識點(diǎn)除了定義，同樣重要的公式也可以理解為知識點(diǎn)。想要一份整理好的知識點(diǎn)嗎？以下是小編精心整理的英語語法知識點(diǎn)，供大家參考借鑒，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
英語語法知識點(diǎn)1
不定代詞:凡不是用來指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。不定代詞代替名詞或形容詞.在句中可用作主語,賓語，表語和定語。不定代詞包括：
some,any,no,every
-thing:something,anything,nothing,everything
-one:someone,anyone,anything,everyone
-where:somewhere,anywhere,anywhere,everywhere
-body:somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody
例子：
1)Help!Somebody?Anybody?
2)Where did you go?I went nowhere.
3)Nobody is athome.
4)You are really something.
5)I looked for my book everywhere,but I cant find it anywhere.
6)If you want to go somewhere,if you want to be someone,you must wake up.
7)Since everybody is here,lets begin our class.
英語語法知識點(diǎn)2
不定冠詞
不定冠詞a，an與one同源，表示微弱的一的概念，但并不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目，用來表示不確定的.人或事物。
A用在輔音前，而不是輔音字母前;an用在元音前，而不是元音字母前。
a university in Asia
1.表示同類中的任何一個(gè)
A cat has nine lives.
2.表示泛指的某人、某物
I know a John Lennon，but not the famous one.
3.表示數(shù)量的
He has a daughter.
4. 表示單位數(shù)量的每一
I earn 10 dollars an hour.
5.表示相同的
The two birds are of a color.
6. 用于集體名詞前
He grows up in a large family.
英語語法知識點(diǎn)3
不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)詞不定式指通常由to加上動(dòng)詞原形(如to write)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。
動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行體和完成體(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被動(dòng)態(tài)(如to be written)，所有的主動(dòng)詞，不論是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，也不論是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，都有不定式形式。助動(dòng)詞除be和have外，沒有不定式形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。
不定式的用法
1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情況下，如果不定式較長，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的，即不定式的邏輯主語，通�？梢酝ㄟ^for sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容詞(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表語時(shí)，不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作賓語
不定式作賓語有兩種一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是“及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+帶to的'不定式。
及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見的有：afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
動(dòng)詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式這類動(dòng)詞常見的有advise，decide，find out，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英語語法總結(jié)，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。
常見的疑問代(副)詞有：what，when，where，which，how，whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有時(shí)，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)動(dòng)詞(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容詞+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
英語語法知識點(diǎn)4
不定代詞
<例句>
I have no idea about it.
對此我一無所知。
<語法分析>
不定代詞no在句子中作定語，此外，every也可作定語。除了這兩個(gè)詞外，其他的不定代詞既可用作名詞也可用作形容詞，大多數(shù)在句子中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、同位語和定語等。
<觸類旁通>
(1) Someone (somebody) has turned off the light.
有人把燈關(guān)了。
語法分析：合成不定代詞someone和somebody意思相同，都表示“某人”，但只用于肯定句，在否定句及疑問句中通常用anybody或anyone。
(2) Everybody (everyone) laughed, me included.
大家都笑了，我也笑了。
語法分析：everybody和everyone意思相同，表示“人人”、“大家”。
(3) Did any of your photos come out well?
你的照片洗出來都不錯(cuò)嗎?
語法分析：any可代表可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞名詞，在句子中作主語或賓語等，可用于否定句及疑問句，肯定句用some。
(4) She is in no mood (not in a mood) for jokes.
她沒有心情說笑話。
語法分析：no可構(gòu)成否定句，等于not a。
(5) I never saw so many swans on the lake .
我從未見過湖面上有這么多天鵝。
語法分析：many修飾可數(shù)名詞，可用在疑問句，否定句及肯定句中，還可與too, so等詞連用，much, few及l(fā)ittle也可表示數(shù)量，與many一樣，都可用作定語。
(6) None of us would have said such a thing.
我們誰也不會(huì)說出這種話來。
語法分析：none和no一樣，都是否定詞，none可用作主語、賓語或介詞賓語及同位語。
英語語法知識點(diǎn)5
1. be動(dòng)詞的否定式
be 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)不同的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)有不同的形式，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中是am , is , are可用作聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成否定式時(shí)，一律在其后面加否定詞not.
He is reading. --- He is not reading. They are from China. --- They are not from China.
2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定式是在其后面直接加not. 如：
I can swim. --- I can’t swim. He can dance. --- He can’t dance. You should go to school at seven. --- You shouldn’t go to school at seven.
3. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的否定句
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞變否定句時(shí)，要借助助動(dòng)詞do , does，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中用do或者does其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+ don’t / doesn’t + 動(dòng)詞原形+其它 例如：
I like pop music. --- I don’t like pop music. He likes running. --- He doesn’t like running.
She does her homework at home. --- She doesn’t do her homework at home
初中英語句型分類知識點(diǎn)詳解：一般否定句與特指否定句
1. 一般否定句
句型1[主語+特殊定式動(dòng)詞+not+行為動(dòng)詞或表語+其他]
1. China of today is not what it was thirty years ago.
2. "Isn't that Teddy Thomson out?"-"I think it's him, but I can't be a hundred percent sure."
3. "Oh, sir, he can't have said such a thing! He can't have spoken like that to you, sir!"
4. We must not wait for favors from Nature; we must take them from her.
5. I haven't finished the book yet. 6. Money could not buy happiness.
[注1] He is no fool. Great barkers are no biters.
[注2] 二十四個(gè)特殊定式動(dòng)詞：
句型2[主語+do(does, did)+ not+行為動(dòng)詞+其他]
1. Sorrow doesn't buy bread. 2. Pure gold does not dread fire.
3. "Why is Mr. Cooper so angry today?"-"I don't know why."
4. "They did not steal so much."-"I don't care how much." He said, "… A thief is a thief."
句型3[主語+ 行為動(dòng)詞+ no/not+賓語+其他]
1. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
2. Viola, hearing this, knew not how to behave, nor how to answer her.
3. I know not what course others may take, but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
4. We are fleet-winged men at arms; we fear not mountains high or rivers deep.
句型4[There be+ no/not/not any+主語(+狀語)]
1. There was no well in the village at that time.
2. Oliver Twist was born in a workhouse… There were no aunts, no sisters, no cousins, no grand mothers.
3. There is not a moment to be lost. 4. There is no holding back the wheel of history
[附注] 一般否定句的其他表達(dá)方式：
1. Who knows it? (=No one knows it.) Dare he do it? (=He dare not do it.)
2. God only knows! (=No one knows.) As if I would allow it! (= I would certainly not allow it.)
3. Catch me doing that!
4. If I do I am a villain. (=I will not do.) Do that again if you dare.
5. In Heaven, an angel is nobody in particular. They shun personal fame and gains.
6. The city and the areas around it are an ice-free port and a nuclear weapon-free zone. The building is in a state of neglect.
7. She stood still, trying winly (in vain) to answer the battery of questions raised by the reporters.
8. I dislike the idea very much. Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country. Yesterday she failed to get to school on time. The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt. They excluded children (from) getting in. We'll forever live up to what the party expects of us. Avoid operating the keys roughly. She was refused admittance by them.
9. Slips are scarcely avoidable when you're new to your work. He is ignorant of conditions at the levels. Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army pf the people.
10. The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up. Lei Feng's noble deeds are above all praise. To do this is beyond my ability. He is out of the office. (= He is not in the office.) Tom is away from Cambridge. (= Tom is not at Cambridge.) It is far from perfect. That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination (or: That strengthened, rather than weakened, our determination.) The truth is quite other than what you think. I know better than to quarrel.
2. 特指否定句
句型5[…not+非謂語成分…]
1. Not a soul was anywhere visible. 2. You must always remember not to become conceited.
3. The teacher told his pupils not to make such a mistake again.
4. I went to see him off, not to meet him. 5. We felt sorry for not coming on time
句型6[主語+否定式謂語+(賓語)+狀語或從句(被否定部分)]
1. I don't think it is right to make such hasty decision. 2. I'm not feeling very well today.
3. I don't believe that he will come tomorrow.
4. You can't judge a thing only by its looks.
5. He's studying English now, but he doesn't speak English very well yet.
6. People did not shake off colonialist's yoke in order to put on hegemonist's yoke.
7. Don't think ill of me because I use her help. She gives it cheerfully as you see…
返回：初中英語句型分類知識點(diǎn)詳解
初中英語句型分類知識點(diǎn)詳解：部分否定句與全體否定句
部分否定句
句型7[All, every等總括詞…not+謂語動(dòng)詞…]
1. All is not gold that glitters. 2. All is not lost that is in peril.
3. And yet all did not go smoothly between them, for the younger man…h(huán)ad his heart set on New York.
4. I don't like both of the novels. 5. Every one cannot make music.
6. Everybody, it is true, wouldn't like it. 7. Such a thing is not found everywhere.
8. The good and the beautiful do not always go together.
9. A man of learning is not always a man of wisdom. 10. I don't wholly agree.
[注] Some people like that sort of thing; Some don't.
全體否定句
句型8[no, none等否定詞…+肯定式謂語+其他]
1. Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.
2. No trickery can fool us. 3. None of my friends smoke.
4. I could remember neither the name of the author nor the title of the book.
5. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
6. The book was nowhere to be found. 7. Neither of the sisters is here.
8. Never have we been daunted by difficulties.
句型9[主語+否定式謂語+不定代詞或不定副詞]
1. I do not know any of them. 2. I did not receive any letters yesterday.
3. I don't like either of the novels. 4. Justice must not be denied to anyone.
5. Did you go any where yesterday?-No, I didn't go anywhere yesterday.
6. Anyhow I shall not go today.
[注] 不可說 "anybody cannot do it." 只能說 "nobody can do it."
句型10[All等概括詞+肯定式謂語+含否定意義的單詞…]
1. All germs are invisible to the naked eye. 2. All his plans came to nothing.
3. Both visitors are unwelcome. 4. Every plan made by him is impossible of execution.
5. We all disbelieve in the existence of God. 6. Their quarrels are always interminable.
返回：初中英語句型分類知識點(diǎn)詳解
初中英語句型分類知識點(diǎn)詳解：延續(xù)否定句與半否定句
延續(xù)否定句
句型11[(前句)否定句，+(后句)否定句]
1. "Oh, no, no, no and again no," said Pinocchio. "I must be a good boy."
2. "Am I troubling you?"-"no, not in the least."
3. I shall never do it, not under any circumstances.
4. We must not think of him as a big, strong boy. Far from it!
5. I don't know how much you've got, and I dare say you hardly know yourself, as it would take a pretty long time to count it.
句型12[(前句) 主語+否定式謂語…，( 后句)not+ (同前)主語]
1. I'll not do such a thing, not I. 2. He will not break his word, not he.
3. They will not be discouraged, not they. 4. Tom cannot speak Russian, not he.
句型13[(前句) 否定句，+ ( 后句)not/neither]
1. Frieda didn't go to the dance, neither did Fanny. 2. You can't do it, nor can anybody else.
3. You did not see him, neither did I. 4. Are you not going? Neither am I.
5. Oliver did not come that day, nor the next day; nor the next after that, nor for many, many days after.
6. I know not what, nor where, neither what latitude, what country, what nation, or what river. I neither saw, nor desired to see any people; the principal thing I wanted was fresh water.
[注1] 有時(shí)根據(jù)意義上的需要，下列句子是允許的。
I thought of him (=I didn't forget him), nor did I forget you.
[注2] 前句用little, hardly等半否定詞，后句同樣可跟延續(xù)否定句。
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
句型14[(前句)否定句，+(后句)no/not/nor…either…(or)…]
1. We are not in the wrong, nor (is) John either. 2. I cannot sing, I cannot dance, either.
3. Mary has no brothers, no cousins, either. 4. I don't know it. You don't know either?
5. China will not be a superpower, not either today or ever in the future.
[注] 英語中"也"的概念在肯定句中通常用too, also或…and as well
句型15[主語+否定式謂語…，+增強(qiáng)語氣詞(much, still, even, far, a lot, a great deal 等)+ less +名詞詞組或從句]表示"…, 更不用說…"。
1. I could not assent to, much less participate in such proceedings.
2. …h(huán)e dared not openly charge her with the attempt, much less punish her for it.
3. He doesn't like music, still less dancing.
4. I did not even see him, still less shake hands with him.
5. I have no mind (idea) to lend this book to anyone, much less to part with it. (割愛)
[注] (much, still, even, far, a lot, a great deal 等)+more也用于追補(bǔ)某些未說完的內(nèi)容， 但much more只用于肯定句，不能引導(dǎo)延續(xù)否定句。 如: I like music, much more dancing. He speaks French, much more English.
Everyone has a right to enjoy his liberty, much more his life.
句型16[主語+否定式謂語…; +to say nothing of/ not to speak of/ not to mention+名詞詞組]
[主語+否定式謂語…; let alone+名詞詞組或從句]
1. He does not know English, to say nothing of German or French.
2. In old china there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an aviation industry.
3. At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries.
4. I don't know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus.
5. I never thought of it, let alone (或much less, still less) did I do it.
[注1] "not to say"與 "to say nothing of", 意思相差很遠(yuǎn)。"not to say"是"不到"的意思，如：It is warm, not to say hot.
[注2] apart from; independently of (姑且不說…) 如：Quite apart from (or independently of) saying a good deal of money in drawing illustrations myself, I derived much pleasure from it.
半否定句
句型17[主語+帶hardly等半否定詞的謂語+(其他)]
1. It scarcely matters. 2. I have hardly ever been out of London…
3. The downtown section of New York has hardly (almost not) a tree or a single blade of grass anywhere along the narrow dusty streets.
4. He would hardly recognize his home town if he saw it now.
5. We seldom hear such fine singing from school. 6. Little remains to be said.
句型18[半否定詞+or/if +否定代詞或否定副詞+…]
1. Few, however, if any, besides the King himself believed that Hermione was guilty.
2. I saw little or nothing of him after you were gone.
3. She seldom or never (if ever) made a mistake. 4. Mr. Morris seldom or never went out.
5. Peter read little or nothing (little if anything) in summer vacation.
返回：初中英語句型分類知識點(diǎn)詳解
初中英語句型分類知識點(diǎn)詳解：雙重否定句與排除否定句
雙重否定句
句型19[主語+否定式謂語…+否定詞/含否定意義的詞+其他]
1. He doesn't lend his book to nobody. 2. You can't make something out of nothing.
3. I'll take it then. Not for nothing. I'll give you something in return.
4. I could not disobey him. Only one thing remained for me: to suffer and obey.
5. He was never dissatisfied with my work. 6. What's done cannot be undone.
7. This captain took a fancy to my conversation, which was not at all disagreeable at that time.
[注] 如果要用否定代詞作主語，謂語要用肯定式。
Nothing is changeless. Nothing is without his faults. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
[主語+否定式謂語…+without+名詞…/動(dòng)名詞]
句型20[(There be)+no+主語+詞組或從句+without+名詞…/動(dòng)名詞]
[It (或名詞) is+否定詞語+不定式+without+名詞…/動(dòng)名詞]
1. We can live without food or water for some days, but without air we cannot live even a few minutes.
2. At the beginning of learning English he could not speak it without making mistakes.
3. There is no right to speak without investigation. 4. No gains without pains.
5. (There is) No sweet without (some) sweat.
6. Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement.
7. Without knowledge of science and technology it is impossible to build socialism.
8. It is impossible for your team to win without constant training.
[注1] 由第二式的省略 "no…without…"進(jìn)一步緊縮的結(jié)果，便產(chǎn)生 "no…no…" 簡略式，主要用于諺語格言。例如：No pains, no gains. No law, no liberty. No investigation, no right to speak. Nothing venture, nothing have. (nothing是no的派生詞)
[注2] "not without…" 表示"不無…"、"不是沒有…"的意思，是一種委婉的說法。
例如：Not without reason / not without some doubt I have brought back your man-not without risk and danger.
句型21[主語+ cannot+help/ refrain from/ keep from+動(dòng)名詞…]
1. Though Laurence had promised Keith not to see Wanda, he could not help going to her.
2. He (Shylock) could not help showing his pleasure. 3. I can't help admiring it whenever I look at it.
4. I could not refrain from retorting to hear such a lie. 5. I cannot keep from laughing to hear such a story.
句型22[主語+ cannot+but/ choose but/ help but+動(dòng)詞原形…]
1. "You cannot but feel already that it is useless staying here… you will have to go farther."
2. I can not but admire his courage. 3. We cannot (choose) but read books to increase our knowledge.
4. They cannot but admit that in certain aspects of science and technology we are away ahead of them.
句型23[主句(否定結(jié)構(gòu))+從句(否定結(jié)構(gòu))]
1. Nothing was useful which was not honest. 2. Nothing can be wholly beautiful that is not useful.
3. I have never committed one act that was not in the interests of my people.
4. Bassanio, in his grief, replied that there was nothing he would not sacrifice.
句型24[(There be) No+ 主語+ but+ 謂語+ 其他]
1. There is no man but has his faults. 2. (There is) Nobody but has his faults. 3. No one but can do it.
4. There is no rule but has exceptions. 5. There is nobody but knows this matter.
句型25[第一分句(否定式謂語)+but +第二分句(肯定式謂語)]
1. It never rains but it pours.(=It never rains without pouring.)
2. I never see you but I think of my brother. 3. They never meet but they discuss this problem.
4. She never comes but she brings something for the children.
[注] 漢語中的雙重否定句譯成英語時(shí)不一定用雙重否定句。"知無不言，言無不盡。"-- Say all you know and say it without reserve. "這樣的人是沒有不摔跤的。"-- Such people are bound to trip and fall.
排除否定句
句型26[主語+謂語+ beyond/ beyond the fact that…]
1. He did nothing beyond writing one letter.
2. He did not really know what he was going to say, beyond that the situation demanded something romantic.
3. Of Oliver Edwards, nothing, I believe, is known beyond the fact that he had been at Pembroke College with Johnson.
句型27[主語+謂語+ but/ but that/ barring…]
1. No one knows it but you and I. 2. He did nothing but wait for the result.
3. I have no secret of success but hard work.
4. I couldn't see but that the soldiers would fight and die for the sake of their country.
5. Who but he would do such a thing?
6. The meeting will be held next Tuesday barring unforeseen factors.
句型28[主語+謂語+except/ except that/ except for/ excepting/ …]
1. Everyone is ready except you.
2. No man ever became great or good except through many and great mistakes.
3. Except a living man there is nothing more wonderful than a book.
4. We lay there along time in silence, except that Webb groaned every now and then.
5. She is absolutely alone except for her son.
6. All the splendid furniture of his late residence had been sold, excepting his wife's harp.
句型29[主語+謂語+apart from/ aside from/ exclusive of/ with the exclusion of…]
1. Apart from the question of expense, it is too late. 2. Aside from this statement, he refused to talk.
3. The building will cost about 2,500,000 Yuan, exclusive of the machinery equipment.
4. The Canal system in China is the most extensive in the world with the exclusion of Netherland.
句型30[主語+謂語+save/ save that/ save for/ saving/ saving that…]
1. I do entreat you, not a man departs, save I alone, till antonym has spoken.
2. In this life we get nothing save by effort.
3. At this hour the great tunnel was quiet save when a train roared above.
4. All is lost save honor. 5. Saving his eyesight, he was as well as ever.
6. The bar was empty save for the landlord.
7. Saving that he failed in Latin, he did well.
句型31[主語+謂語+only that/ other than…]
1. I have nothing against him, only that I dislike his manner.
2. "Is anything the matter with Madeline?" - "No, papa, only I have got a headache."
3. It was fortified on all sides other than this.
4. You will generally suffer for wishing to appear other than what you are; whether it be greater, or more learned.
[注1] besides和apart from兼有"除外"和"包括"的意思。I care for nothing besides (apart from) this. (多用于否定句)
Apart from (Besides) English, he is also well versed in Russian. (多用于帶有also等副詞的肯定句)
[注2] in addition to有"包括"的意思, 如: In addition to John's being blamed for this, he was blamed also for breaking the window.
加強(qiáng)否定句
句型32[主語+強(qiáng)調(diào)詞語+否定詞+謂語動(dòng)詞+其他]
1. Hurling insults and threats is certainly not fighting. 2. It simply will not do!
3. We must not become complacent over any success.
4. We absolutely must not relax our will. 5. The nature of wolves will never change.
6. Without the Communist Party I should assuredly not be what I am today.
句型33[主語+be+ the last+名詞+不定式…/從句]
1. For it was Oliver, his cruel brother-the last person Orlando would have expected to find there.
2. He is the last person to do such a thing. 3. This is the last place where I expected to have met you.
4. Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.
句型34[主語+謂語肯定式+含否定詞語的成語+其他][主語+謂語否定式+含不定詞語的成語+其他]
1. At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
2. Young people should on no account (=should not on any account) neglect their daily physical exercise.
3. We have ideals, but we are by no means visionaries. 4. He will in no wise give up study.
[注] 其他加強(qiáng)否定的方式：1. […be anything but…] (決不是) He is anything but a scholar.
2. [(There is) no+ V-ing] (決不可) There is no denying the fact. = It is absolutely impermissible to deny the fact. 因此語意比下句強(qiáng)，"It is impossible to deny the fact."
句型35[主語+否定式謂語+微量詞+名詞+其他]
1. We must never for a moment divorce ourselves from the masses.
2. The mother did not have a wink of sleep the whole night on account of the child's high fever.
3. He did not breathe a single word about it.
4. Though I have walked twenty miles, I am not a bit tired.
5. The little boy is do full of energy that he refused to stay put for any length of time.
[注] 表示微量詞的詞組中以 in the least為最常見，不少的微量詞可用它代替。如：
I am not in the least tired. I was not surprised in the least. That boy was not in the least afraid of the snake.
句型36[...否定詞+名詞+大范圍詞語...]
1. There will be no difficulty in the world which they cannot overcome.
2. The doctor was writing a book, but it went on so slowly that it would not be finished within a thousand years.
3. "Don't you dance?"-"I'm the world's worst dancer."
4. He was not at all confused. 5. It is of no value at all.
6. This is a historical trend no force on earth can hold back.
[附注1] 與漢語中的否定式相對應(yīng)的英語不一定要用否定式。如："很不好"，不能譯成英語的"very not good", 應(yīng)換一種說法， "This is very bad.", "It is not good at all." 漢語"這事我一點(diǎn)也不知道"可譯作 "I am quite in the dark about the matter."或 "About this I knew nothing." 漢語"我很不喜歡喝酒。"可譯作為 "I dislike wine very much."或 "I am not a bit interested in wine./I don't like wine at all./I am the last person to like wine.
其次要注意分析。漢語"一竅不通"，是縮小否定數(shù)量的說法，最好譯成 "be utterly ignorant"或 "not know the ABC of…/know nothing of… 又如"世界上一切事物無不具有兩重性"，這里有幾個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞語："世界上"，"一切事物"，"無不"。"一切事物"不能用all/all things, 因此只能用縮小量的說法。 "There is not a single thing in the world without a dual nature."
[附注2] 一般說來，只要需要，所有的肯定句都可以改為否定句，但一定要依照前面所介紹的各種句型的要求。此外，還應(yīng)考慮以下幾點(diǎn)：
1) 邏輯上說不過去的不能改為否定句。Where is Mary? 不能改為 where isn't Mary?
2) 句型要求不能用否定式的。How hard-working he is! 不能改為 how hard-working he isn't!
3) 除句型28中列舉的一些強(qiáng)調(diào)詞語有分工外，以下詞語只用于肯定句，否定句應(yīng)采用括號中相對應(yīng)的異根同義詞。Some (not…any); too (not…either); so (neither, no more); a long way (not…far); a lot of/plenty of/a great deal of/a good deal of… (not…much of); as…as (not so…as); already still (not yet/ not any more/no more/ no longer…)
1. I have got some. → I haven't got any. 2. I see a great deal of him. → I didn't see much of him.
3. We went a long way. → We didn't go far. 4. I will do so still. → I'll not do so any more.
4) 注意may, must, need, can (could) 在肯定句與否定句中的含義變化，對應(yīng)關(guān)系也會(huì)出現(xiàn)交錯(cuò)現(xiàn)象。
A. 表示許可用may (口語中常用can); 表示禁止通常用must not, 有時(shí)也用may not 語氣較委婉。
"May (Can) I smoke here?" - "Yes, you may (can)." 或"No, you must not." 或 "You may not smoke here."
B. 表示責(zé)任、義務(wù)或必要時(shí)用must, 否定式只能用need not
"Must we hand in our homework today?" - "Yes, you must. No, you needn't."
C. 表示推測指"可能"時(shí)，用must; 指"不可能"，"不一定"時(shí)用cannot/could not, 有時(shí)也用may not, 口氣較委婉，意為"也許不"。 That must be a mistake. No, it cannot be a mistake. It must not be a mistake
D. 表示推測也常用may，指"可能";否定式同上。 He may be right/ He cannot be right. He may not be right.
返回：初中英語句型分類知識點(diǎn)詳解
初中英語語法：帶有否定詞的比較句型
樂加樂英語：整理初中英語語法《初中英語語法：帶有否定詞的比較句型》，供大家學(xué)習(xí)、交流。
1.no better than：表示“和……一樣;實(shí)際等于……”，如：
He is no better than a beggar. 他實(shí)際上等于一個(gè)乞丐。
The invalid is no better than he was yesterday. 病人的'情況和昨天一樣。
He has no better a say in the matter than I have. 他和我一樣在這件事上沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。
2.not. . . any more than或no more. . . than：表示“同……一樣不”，如：
I could no more do that than you. I could not do that any more than you. 你不能做這件事，我也不能做。
He is not a poet any more than I am a scholar. 我不是一個(gè)學(xué)者，他也不是一個(gè)詩人。
This story is no more interesting than that one. 這個(gè)故事和那個(gè)故事一樣沒有趣味。
He is no more able to read German than I am. 他和我一樣都不懂德語。
3.not so much. . . as：表示“與其……不如……”
He is not so much a writer as a reporter. 他與其說是個(gè)作家，不如說是個(gè)記者。
Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as confuse us.
你的解釋沒有起到啟發(fā)作用，反而把我們弄糊涂了。
Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it. 與其說海洋分隔了世界，不如說海洋聯(lián)結(jié)了世界。
I don't so much dislike him as hate him. 我與其說不喜歡他，不如說我恨他。
4.nothing like：表示“沒有什么能比得上……”
There is nothing like home. 金窩銀窩，不如自己的草窩。
There is nothing like walking as a means of keeping fit. 沒有比散步來保持健康更好的了。
There is nothing like leather for shoes. 做鞋用皮革再好沒有了。
5.nothing like(或near)as(或so)... as：表示“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不像……那樣”
This novel is nothing near so interesting as that one. 這篇小說遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及那篇小說有趣。
The book is nothing like as difficult as I expected. 這本書遠(yuǎn)沒有我想像的那么難懂。
His analysis of the poem is nothing like as penetrating as yours. 他對這首詩的分析遠(yuǎn)沒有你的分析那樣透徹。
6.no less … than：表示“和……一樣”
He is no less active than he used to be. 他和從前一樣活躍。
His mind is no less alert than yours. 他的思路和你的一樣敏捷。
Our soldiers fought with no less daring than skill. 我們的士兵作戰(zhàn)的英勇不亞于他們的戰(zhàn)斗技能。
英語語法知識點(diǎn)6
英語中有一種特殊的動(dòng)詞，它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語，我們把這種不能作謂語的動(dòng)詞稱為非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞主要有動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種形式。
14-2 動(dòng)名詞
1.動(dòng)名詞的形式及特征
動(dòng)名詞是非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種，它由動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成，形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同。動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以有自己的賓語或狀語，并與其一起構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語，又具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的特征，在句中可作句子的主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、同位語、定語、狀語等成分，但不能作謂語，因此稱動(dòng)名詞為非謂語動(dòng)詞。
2.動(dòng)名詞的用法
(1)作主語
動(dòng)名詞作主語，放在句子的前面，但當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語較長時(shí)，為了使句子保持平衡，常用it作形式主語，而將真正的主語放到句子的末尾。如：
Reading makes a man perfect.閱讀使人完美。
Finding work is difficult these days.現(xiàn)在找工作很困難。
It's no use waiting for another hour.再等一個(gè)小時(shí)也沒用。
注意：
�、賗t作形式主語，動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語的常用句型：
It is a waste of time doing sth ...做……是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
It is no good/no use doing ...做……是不好的/沒用的。
It is hardly/scarcely worth doing ...做……不值得。
It is worth/worthwhile doing ...做……是值得的。如：
It is no good reading in the sun.在陽光下看書是不好的。
It is useless remembering words only.只記單詞是沒有用的。
It is a waste of time doing such a thing.做這種事情是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
It is worth discussing the problem.討論這個(gè)問題是值得的。
�、趧�(dòng)名詞作主語常用于there be句型。如：
There is no point doing such a silly thing.做這樣一件傻事毫無意義。
There is no stopping him.無法阻止他。
�、蹌�(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如：
Talking mends no holes.空談無濟(jì)于事。
Nodding the head means agreement.點(diǎn)頭意味著同意。
(2)作賓語
動(dòng)名詞作賓語，既可用于及物動(dòng)詞和短語動(dòng)詞后作賓語，也可用于介詞后作介詞的賓語。如：
He enjoys reading stories.他喜歡讀故事。
I dislike playing cards.我不喜歡打牌。
Have you finished reading the book?你看完這本書了嗎?
They are practicing singing the new song.他們正在練習(xí)唱新歌。
He got down to working as soon as he got to the office.他一進(jìn)入辦公室就開始工作。
He hurried to school without having breakfast.他沒吃早飯就匆匆去了學(xué)校。
How about going for a picnic?去野餐怎么樣?
注意：
�、俨⒉皇撬械募拔飫�(dòng)詞都可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，動(dòng)名詞只能做某些及物動(dòng)詞及短語動(dòng)詞的賓語。
可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞常用的有：enjoy，finish，spend，mind，keep，practice，stop，admit，advise，allow，avoid，dislike，miss，suggest
可以用動(dòng)名稱作賓語的短語動(dòng)詞有：can't help，give up，keep on，feel like，carry on，put off，insist on，get down to，look forwards to，be/get used to等。
②下列動(dòng)詞或形容詞want，require，need，worth后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。如：
The book is worth reading.這本書值得讀。
The house requires repairing at once.這座房子需要馬上維修。
③除介詞besides，but，except后跟不定式作介詞賓語外，其他介詞一般都須跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如：
You must finish your work before going to the concert.你必須在去聽音樂會(huì)之前把工作完成。
On seeing her mother，the little girl began to cry out.這個(gè)小女孩一看見她的母親就大哭了起來。
(3)作表語
動(dòng)名詞作表語，有兩種情況：①當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞具有名詞性質(zhì)時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞短語說明主語的內(nèi)容;②當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞具有形容詞性質(zhì)時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征。如：
His job is teaching English.他的工作是教英語。(說明工作的內(nèi)容)
His job is interesting.他的工作很有趣。(說明工作的特征)
注意： 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞-ing的動(dòng)作是主語所發(fā)出時(shí)，句子不是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，而是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
He is teaching Japanese at that school.他在那所學(xué)校教日語。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
(4)作賓語補(bǔ)足語
動(dòng)名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，放在賓語的后面。如：
I watched them playing volleyball on the playground.我看他們在操場上打排球了。
Don't have your guest standing there.不要讓客人站在那里。
注意：
用動(dòng)名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的常用動(dòng)詞有：
�、俦硎靖杏X、知覺的動(dòng)詞：hear，see，watch，notice，feel，look at，listen to等。如：
I heard her singing in the next door.我聽見她在隔壁唱歌。
�、趧�(dòng)詞find，get，have，keep，leave，send，suggest等。如：
I found the missing boy playing by the river.我發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)失蹤的男孩在河邊玩。
(5)作定語
動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語作定語，有的放在它所修飾的名詞之前，有的放在它所修飾的名詞之后。
①單個(gè)的動(dòng)名詞作定語時(shí)，總是位于被修飾的名詞之前，說明被修飾名詞的目的、用途或特征。如：
China is a developing country.中國是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家。
Would you please give me some writing paper?請給一些書寫紙好嗎?
�、趧�(dòng)名詞后接名詞、代詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語作定語時(shí)，總是位于所修飾的名詞之后，說明名詞所處的狀態(tài)或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
The boy studying in the classroom is Li Lei.在教室里學(xué)習(xí)的那個(gè)男孩是李雷。
Don't trouble the dog sleeping over there .不要惹是生非。
(6)作同位語
動(dòng)名詞作同位語，位于同位的名詞之后，且跟前面的名詞用逗號隔開，表示前面名詞的內(nèi)容。如：
His idea，helping farmers get in their crops，interested us very much.我們對他那幫助農(nóng)民收割莊稼的.想法很感興趣。
The goal，making two thousand cars this month，excites the workers.本月生產(chǎn)兩千輛小汽車的目標(biāo)使工人們很興奮。
(7)作狀語
動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語作狀語，表示謂語動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨、目的、程度和結(jié)果等。
�、僮鲿r(shí)間狀語。如：Having cleaned the house， she went on to help her mother pick apples.把房子打掃后，她又繼續(xù)幫助母親摘蘋果。
Having had his breakfast，he began to look for work again.吃過早餐后，他又開始去尋找工作。
②作原因狀語。如：Not knowing English ，they found it very difficult to communicate with the people in America.由于不懂英語，他發(fā)現(xiàn)在美國跟人們交流很困難。
Getting up late ，he missed his early train.由于起床晚了，他沒有趕上早班火車。
③作條件狀語。如：Living in a polluted environment ，people may fall ill easily.如果生活在受污染的環(huán)境中，人們很容易生病。
Loving others ，you will be loved by others.如果你愛他人，你就會(huì)得到他人的愛。
④作讓步狀語。如：Being at school or at home ，she is a good girl.不管在學(xué)校還是在家，她都是個(gè)好姑娘。
Talking or acting ，he is very honest.無論說話還是做事，他都很誠實(shí)。
�、葑鞣绞綘钫Z。如：He went there riding his bike .他騎自行車去的那里。
They make money selling fruits .他們靠賣水果掙錢。
�、拮靼殡S狀語。如：He used to sit there thinking .過去他常坐在那里思考。
He walked along the river singing in a low voice .他一邊沿著河邊走，一邊低聲唱著歌兒。
⑦作目的狀語。作目的狀語的動(dòng)名詞一般是表示所從事活動(dòng)方面的動(dòng)詞，如：boating，climbing，fishing，hunting，riding，sailing，shopping，shooting，skating，skiing，swimming，walking，washing等。
I often go shopping with mother on Sundays.星期天我常跟媽媽一起去買東西。
Will you please go skating with me this afternoon?今天下午和我一起去滑冰好嗎?
�、嘧鞒潭葼钫Z。動(dòng)名詞作程度狀語時(shí)，常用來修飾形容詞或副詞。如：
He was caught in the heavy rain and got his clothes soaking wet.他淋了一場大雨，把衣服全部弄濕了。
He wore his thin coat in freezing cold days and fell ill soon.他在冰冷的天還穿著單薄的大衣，不久就病倒了。
⑨作結(jié)果狀語。如：He cut down the trees in front of his house，having its roof blown off by strong wind.他把房前的樹給砍了，結(jié)果大風(fēng)把房頂刮走了。
He died，leaving his wife and children nothing but great debt.他死了，留給妻子和孩子的只有巨額的負(fù)債。
英語語法知識點(diǎn)7
不定冠詞
1.不定冠詞a，an與one同源，表示微弱的―一‖的概念，但并不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目，用來表示不確定的人或事物。 A用在輔音前，而不是輔音字母前;an用在元音前，而不是元音字母前。 a university in Asia 1.表示同類中的―任何一個(gè)‖ A cat has nine lives.
2.表示泛指的某人、某物I know a John Lennon，but not the famous one.
3.表示數(shù)量的'―一‖ He has a daughter.
4.表示單位數(shù)量的‖每一‖ I earn 10 dollars an hour.
5.表示相同的‖ The two birds are of a color.
6.用于集體名詞前He grows up in a large family.
7.在某種情況下可用于抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前China has a long history.
二、定冠詞的用法1.表示特定的人或物2.表示地球、宇宙中獨(dú)一無二的事物主要指各種天體及世界上比較有影響的物體。 The sun，the moon，the earth
3.表示地點(diǎn)、方向、時(shí)間、方式等at the corner在拐角處
(1)在表示季節(jié)的名詞前常不用冠詞。 In spring在春天
(2)具體某年的某個(gè)季節(jié)，需用冠詞。 In the summer of the year20xx
(3)用于序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級前the first the second
(4)用于形容詞前使其名詞化the rich the poor
(5)用于復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前，表示―夫婦‖或全家The Smiths
(6)用于樂器名詞前Play the piano
英語語法知識點(diǎn)8
一、七年級英語語法--詞法
(一)名詞
1.名詞的數(shù)
我們知道名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，而不可數(shù)名詞它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但可數(shù)名詞卻有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分，復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下：
(1)在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
(2)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
(3)①以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
�、谝栽糇帜讣觵結(jié)尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
(4)以o結(jié)尾加s(外來詞)。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯
(5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
(6)單復(fù)數(shù)相同(不變的)有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
(7)一般只有復(fù)數(shù)，沒有單數(shù)的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
(8)單詞形式不變，既可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學(xué), family家，家庭成員
(9)合成的復(fù)數(shù)一般只加主要名詞，多數(shù)為后一個(gè)單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復(fù)數(shù)則同時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
(10)有的單復(fù)數(shù)意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報(bào)紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時(shí)間 times時(shí)代, 次數(shù), chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞
(11) 單個(gè)字母的'復(fù)數(shù)可以有兩種形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
(12) 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
2.名詞的格
當(dāng)我們要表示某人的什么東西或人時(shí)，我們就要使用所有格形式。構(gòu)成如下：
(1)單數(shù)在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
(2)復(fù)數(shù)以s結(jié)尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s結(jié)尾的與單數(shù)一樣處理。如：Teachers’ Day教師節(jié), classmates’ Children’s Day六一節(jié), Women’s Day婦女節(jié)
(3)由and并列的名詞所有時(shí)，如果是共同所有同一人或物時(shí)，只加最后一個(gè)’s，但分別擁有時(shí)卻分別按單數(shù)形式處理。如：Mike and Ben’s room邁克和本的房間(共住一間)，Mike’s and Ben’s rooms邁克和本的房間(各自的房間)
(二)代詞
項(xiàng)目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
人稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
第一人稱 單數(shù) I me my mine myself
復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱 單數(shù) you you your yours yourself
復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱 單數(shù) she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
復(fù)數(shù) they them their theirs these those themselves
(三)動(dòng)詞
1.第三人稱單數(shù)
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該像名詞的單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)那樣加s，如下：
(1)一般在詞后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
(2)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
(3)①以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
②以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
(4)以o結(jié)尾加es。如：does, goes
(5)特殊的有：are-is, have-has
2.現(xiàn)在分詞
當(dāng)我們說某人正在做什么事時(shí)，動(dòng)詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構(gòu)成如下：
(1)一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
(2)以不發(fā)音e的結(jié)尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
(3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且一個(gè)元音字母+一個(gè)輔音字母(注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要雙寫最后的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
(4)以ie結(jié)尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
(四)形容詞的級
我們在對兩個(gè)或以上的人或物進(jìn)行對比時(shí)，則要使用比較或最高級形式。構(gòu)成如下：
(1) 一般在詞后加er或est(如果是以e結(jié)尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
(2)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且1個(gè)元音字母+1個(gè)輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結(jié)尾的雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
(3) 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
(4)特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠(yuǎn))
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
(五)數(shù)詞 (基變序，有規(guī)則;一、二、三，自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y結(jié)尾，變?yōu)閕, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、七年級英語語法--句式
(一)陳述句
肯定陳述句
1. This is a book. (be動(dòng)詞)
2. He looks very young. (連系動(dòng)詞)
3. I want a sweat like this. (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
4. I can bring some things to school. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
5. There’s a computer on my desk. (There be結(jié)構(gòu))
否定陳述句
1. These aren’t their books.
2.They don’t look nice.
3. Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School.
4. Kate can’t find her doll.
5. There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
(二)祈使句
肯定祈使句
1. Please go and ask the man.
2. Let’s learn English!
3. Come in, please.
否定祈使句
1. Don’t be late.
2. Don’t hurry.
(三)疑問句
1. 一般疑問句
(1)Is Jim a student?
(2) Can I help you?
(3) Does she like salad?
(4) Do they watch TV?
(5) Is she reading?
肯定回答:
(1) Yes, he is.
(2) Yes, you can.
(3) Yes, she does.
(4) Yes, they do.
(5) Yes, she is.
否定回答:
(1) No, he isn’t.
(2) No, you can’t.
(3) No, she doesn’t.
(4) No, they don’t.
(5) No, she isn’t.
2. 選擇疑問句
Is the table big or small?
回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3.特殊疑問句
(1) 問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
(2) 問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
(3) 問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
(4) 問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.
(5) 問原因 Why do you want to join the club?
(6) 問時(shí)間 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
(7) 問地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
(8) 問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
(9) 問人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
(10) 問東西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
(11) 問姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
(12) 問哪一個(gè) Which do you like? I like one in the box.
(13) 問字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
(14) 問價(jià)格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
(15) 問電話號碼 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
(16) 問謂語(動(dòng)作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
(17) 問職業(yè)(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
三、七年級英語語法--時(shí)態(tài)
(一)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
表示普遍、經(jīng)常性的或長期性的動(dòng)作時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，它有：
Be 動(dòng)詞：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.
行為動(dòng)詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.
(二)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示動(dòng)詞在此時(shí)正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行就使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.
They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.
英語語法知識點(diǎn)9
1)代詞及be動(dòng)詞
主格 I we you you she/he/it they
賓格 me us you you her/him/it them
代詞所有格 my our your your her/his/its their
名詞性代詞 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs
be動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí) Am are are are is are
be動(dòng)詞過去時(shí) was were were were was were
2)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
規(guī)則1 一般情況+s e.g. shell→shells toy→toys
規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches
規(guī)則3 以o結(jié)尾+s或+es e.g. radio→radios potato→potatoes
規(guī)則4 以f, fe結(jié)尾的，變f, fe為ves e.g. life→lives half→halves
規(guī)則5 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾， 變y為i+es e.g. sky→skies study→studies
3)動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式
規(guī)則1 一般情況+s e.g. like-likes, look-looks
規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh和o結(jié)尾+es e.g. do-does, catch-catches
規(guī)則3 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾， 變y為i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly-flies
4)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞
規(guī)則1 一般動(dòng)詞加-ing e.g. look-looking, read-reading, play-playing
規(guī)則2 以不發(fā)音的字母結(jié)尾的單詞去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
規(guī)則3 重讀閉音節(jié)詞結(jié)尾， 即單詞中只有一個(gè)元音字母，其后緊跟一個(gè)輔音字母的詞，雙寫輔音字母再加-ing e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop-stopping
5)動(dòng)詞過去式
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化
規(guī)則1 一般動(dòng)詞加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play-played
規(guī)則2 以e結(jié)尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive-arrived
規(guī)則3 以輔音字母y結(jié)尾的變y為i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried
規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)詞結(jié)尾， 即單詞中只有一個(gè)元音字母，其后緊跟一個(gè)輔音字母的詞，雙寫輔音字母再加-ed stop-stopped
過去式的讀音
在清輔音后面(除外)讀/t/ e.g. walked, jumped
在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/ e.g. washed, watched
在/t/，/d/后讀/id/ e.g. waited, hated
6)形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
比較級
規(guī)則1 一般加-er e.g. high-higher
規(guī)則2 以e結(jié)尾加-r nice-nicer
規(guī)則3 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，變y為i再加-er busy-busier
規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾， 雙寫輔音字母再加-er fat-fatter
最高級
規(guī)則1 一般加-est e.g. high-highest
規(guī)則2 以e結(jié)尾加-st nice-nicest
規(guī)則3 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，變y為i再加-est busy-busiest
規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾， 雙寫輔音字母再加--est fat-fattest
7)常見縮寫：
is='s I am=I'm are='re
is not=isn't /iznt/ are not=aren't /a:nt/
do not=don't
does not=doesn't
was='s
did not=didn't
can not=can't
have='ve
has='s
have not=haven't
has not=hasn't
will='ll
will not=won't
shall not=shan't
第二點(diǎn)：將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
形式
will/shall have been+現(xiàn)在分詞用于第一人稱，而 will have been+現(xiàn)在分詞用于其他人稱。
用法
正如將來完成時(shí)一樣，它通常與一個(gè)以by開頭的時(shí)間短語連用：
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.
到今年年底他當(dāng)演員就滿30年了。
將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與將來完成時(shí)的關(guān)系和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的關(guān)系一樣。即在以下情況下可以用將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)而不用將來完成時(shí)：
1. 動(dòng)作本身就是連續(xù)的：
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years.
到了月底他在這里居住/工作/學(xué)習(xí)就滿十年了。
2. 一種經(jīng)常進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作被表示為連續(xù)的動(dòng)作：
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.
到了這個(gè)月底他馴馬/登山就滿20年了。
但是如果提到所馴馬匹或所攀登的山峰的數(shù)目，或用任何方式把動(dòng)作分割為一次又一次的動(dòng)作，就必須用將來完成時(shí)：
By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains.
到本月底，他馴服的馬就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了
第三點(diǎn)：過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻，到那個(gè)時(shí)刻，該動(dòng)作可能剛剛終止，也有可能還在繼續(xù)。
形式
had been + V-ing形式
用法
1. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作與過去的時(shí)間的關(guān)系，可以用時(shí)間狀語來表示，也可以通過上下文來表示。
例如：
By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days. 到上個(gè)月為止，他們在這里工作大約有十天了。
She said that she had been listening to radio after school. 她說她放學(xué)后一直在聽收音機(jī)。
2. 過去完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，但其結(jié)果仍然影響到過去的某一時(shí)刻。
例如：
It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨，街道仍然很濕。
3. 像 work、study、stay、sing、teach等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用時(shí)，用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)刻，通常強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性和不間斷性。
例如：
She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 當(dāng)她的同學(xué)來看她的時(shí)候，她學(xué)習(xí)有兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
4. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過去某時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：
I was writing a letter when she came to see me. 當(dāng)她來看我時(shí)我正在寫信。
I had been writing a letter for two hours by the time she came to see me. 當(dāng)她來看我的時(shí)候，我已經(jīng)寫了兩個(gè)小時(shí)的信了。
5. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的不同：過去完成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：
They had just had breakfast when Tom came in. 湯姆來時(shí)，他們剛吃過早飯。
They had been having breakfast for ten minutes when Tom came in. 湯姆來時(shí)，他們已經(jīng)吃了十分鐘的'早飯了。
第四點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的形式
I / we / they have been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
He / she / it has been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的功用
1) 表示一個(gè)在過去開始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動(dòng)，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動(dòng)，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi)，重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng)，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為的結(jié)果、影響，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)、而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒有否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可表示做完的時(shí)期以及已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不可以。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
在當(dāng)代英語中，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并沒有給我工作過，我和他沒有過那許多接觸。
否定句構(gòu)成：
主語+has/have+not+been+現(xiàn)在分詞
一般疑問句構(gòu)成:
Have/has+主語+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他
第五點(diǎn)：過去將來完成時(shí)
過去將來完成時(shí)
形式
should / would have done sth.
用法
1、 過去將來完成時(shí)表示在過去將來某一時(shí)間以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，并往往會(huì)對過去將來某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。
I thought you'd have left by this time. 我想這會(huì)兒你已經(jīng)走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock. 他告訴他們他會(huì)在8點(diǎn)以前干完。
I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海倫會(huì)告訴她一些情況的。
2、 過去將來完成時(shí)還常用在虛擬語氣中，表示與過去的事實(shí)相反。
第六點(diǎn)：過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示就過去某一時(shí)間而言，將來某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，主要用賓語從句中，尤其多用于間接引語中。
基本用法：
用于間接引語：They said they would be coming.(他們說了他們將要來。)
用于定語從句：The new job he would be taking was raising racing horses.(他將要接受的新工作是養(yǎng)賽馬。 )
作用：
1. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示在過去某一時(shí)間之后即將進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：
例如：He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.(他說他不能來因?yàn)橐_會(huì)。)
2. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去將來某一時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：它常和表過去將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，但上下文清楚時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語亦可省略。和將來進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，它也常表計(jì)劃中的事，不表意愿或打算。它還有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，即常用在賓語從句(尤其是間接引語)中。
例如：John told us that Mary would be coming next day.(約翰告訴我們瑪麗第二天來。)
3. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用在其它從句中：
用在定語從句中：The new name he would be using was Jack Jones.(他將用的新名是杰克瓊斯。)
用在狀語從句中：He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France.(其余款項(xiàng)，他將在離開法國時(shí)付清。)
4. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用在獨(dú)立句中：
例如：The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university.(車子發(fā)動(dòng)了。埃倫詹姆斯要開車到大學(xué)去。)
英語語法知識點(diǎn)10
指出句中的副詞：
1. You are standing near the camera.. Can you move a little farther? a little修飾副詞“farther”表示程度 farther修飾動(dòng)詞“move”表示方式
2. Miss Long usually goes to school by bus. usually修飾動(dòng)詞goes，表示頻度、頻率
3. The two old passengers fell into the sea. Unfortunately, neither of them could swim. Unfortunately修飾整個(gè)句子
4. I won’t go with you. It’s much too hot today. much too修飾形容詞，表示程度修飾形容詞hot，修飾形容詞
【高考副詞主要考點(diǎn)】
主要題型：選擇填空，完形填空，改錯(cuò)
考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：
1. 副詞詞義辨析
Do you think shopping online will ____________ take the place of shopping in stores?
A.especially B.Frequently C.merely D.finally
解析：especially 特別，尤其;frequently經(jīng)常;merely僅僅;finally最終
根據(jù)語境：你認(rèn)為網(wǎng)上購物最終會(huì)替代商場購物嗎?
I wasn’t blaming anyone; I ___________ said errors like this could be avoided.
A. merely B. mostly C. rarely D. nearly
解析：mostly 大部分地，通常地;nearly 幾乎=almost;rarely 很少地，幾乎不;merely 僅僅，只不過
全句意思：我并沒有責(zé)怪任何人，我只是說類似這種錯(cuò)誤是可以避免的” 說類似這種錯(cuò)誤是可以避免的”。
2. 副詞短語與習(xí)慣用語辨析
It’s high time you had your hair cut; it’s getting .
A. too much long B. much too long C. long too much D. too long much
【解析】too much+不可數(shù)名詞 much too+形
It was a nice house, but _______ too small for a family of five.
A. rarely B. fairly C. rather D. pretty
【解析】rather too 稍微，一點(diǎn)
全句意思：這房子不錯(cuò)，但對于五口之家還是稍微小了點(diǎn)。
It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is______another to play it well yourself.
A. quite B. very C. rather D. much
【解析】quite another 另一回事
全句意思：喜歡聽好音樂是一回事，但是自己演奏的好又是另一回事。
3. 某些副詞的.位置
We only had $100 and that was _______ to buy a new computer.
A.nowhere near enough B.near enough nowhere C.enough near nowhere D.near nowhere enough
【辨析】enough做副詞時(shí)，修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)應(yīng)該放在被修飾詞的后面adj/adv+enough nowhere near是固定短語，意思是“差得遠(yuǎn);遠(yuǎn)不及” ，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞。
英語語法知識點(diǎn)11
名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式
1、名詞的單數(shù)：表示一個(gè)人或一個(gè)事物
2、名詞的復(fù)數(shù)：表示一個(gè)人以上的人或事物
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)律如下：
1、多數(shù)情況下在名詞后面加S，s在清輔音后讀【S】
2、以s,x,sh,ch為結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加es, es讀作【iz】
3、以f,fe為結(jié)尾的詞去掉f或fe加ves，ves讀作【vz】
4、以輔音加y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為ies
5、以元音加y結(jié)尾的詞，直接加s
6、不規(guī)則變化
a變成e
Man-men
woman-women
policeman-policemen
Policewoman-policewomen
初中英語語法常用
1)在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most,all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。
All is right. (一切順利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齊了。)
2)集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company,committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體。
His family isn't very large.他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。
His family are music lovers.他的'家人都是音樂愛好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Are there any police around?
3)有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。
A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
小學(xué)三年級英語語法知識點(diǎn)
1.名詞單復(fù)數(shù)：
英語中名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞：
�、倌苡脭�(shù)目來計(jì)算的叫可數(shù)名詞，有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，復(fù)數(shù)形式多數(shù)是在詞尾加“s”如：pens, books;
�、诓豢蓴�(shù)名詞是無法用數(shù)目來計(jì)算的名詞，如：milk, juice.
2.用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can的用法
�、佟癱an’t”是“cannot”的縮寫。
She can’t sing. He can’t dance.
�、� can等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后，用動(dòng)詞原形
She can dance.
He can swim.
英語語法知識點(diǎn)12
表叮囑
典型例句
Fasten your seat belt. 系好安全帶。
Be sure to get here before nine. 千萬要在九點(diǎn)以前到。
Stay in bed for a couple of days. 臥床休息幾天。
Take care of yourselves. 你們要注意身體啊！
Look over what you’ve written before handing it to the examiner. 先把你寫的看一遍，再交給考官。
Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways， or you might be knocked down. 過馬路要非常小心，要看兩邊，不然會(huì)被車撞倒。
表建議
典型例句
Get your hair cut！ 你去理發(fā)吧！
Get your eyes tested！ 你去檢查一下你的眼睛吧！
Ask Jake， not his wife. 去問杰克，不要問他妻子。
Come early， but not before six. 早點(diǎn)來，但別在6點(diǎn)以前。
Go off for the weekend， why don’t you？ 去度周末，好嗎？
Have a bath and a rest and you’ll feel better. 洗個(gè)澡，休息一下，你就會(huì)覺得好些。
Cancel the match if it rains. If it rains， cancel the match. 如果下雨，就取消比賽吧。
Take a taxi， otherwise you’ll miss your train. 你如不叫出租汽車，你就會(huì)誤掉火車的。
You try teaching 40 noisy children five days a week！ 你來試試每周5天教40個(gè)吵鬧的`孩子！
注：以let’s開頭的祈使句通常表示建議。如：
Let’s go to the cinema tonight. 今晚咱們?nèi)タ措娪啊?/p>
Let’s get down to work. 咱們干起來吧
表命令
典型例句
Hands off！ 不要摸！
Go there right away. 馬上去那兒。
Nobody move. 任何人都不許動(dòng)。
Stand over there. 站到那邊去。
Drop that gun， or I’ll shoot you. 放下槍，不然我就打死你。
表請求
典型例句
Give me a hand， will you？ 幫我一個(gè)忙，好嗎？
Please help me for a few minutes. 請幫我?guī)追昼姟?/p>
Please remember me to Mr. Smith. 請幫我向史密斯先生致意。
Do forgive me I didn’t mean to be rude. 務(wù)請?jiān)�，我無心對你粗魯無禮。
Be an angel and fetch me my slippers please. 請行行好，把我的拖鞋拿來。
Please don’t telephone before 8 a. m. 早8點(diǎn)以前請不要打電話。
Hand me the hammer， will you？ 把錘子遞給我好嗎？
Do be quiet， for God’s sake！ 看在上帝的份上，安靜一會(huì)兒吧！
Give me some bread as well， please. 請你也給我一點(diǎn)兒面包吧。
Bring the fruit up to the dining room， will you？ 把水果送到樓上餐廳里來好嗎？
I’ll try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one. 我要試穿幾件襯衣，請把那件白色的遞給我
英語語法知識點(diǎn)13
一、詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：
1、詞類：英語詞類分十種：
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如：a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.)： 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。
1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。
如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語動(dòng)詞說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語在系動(dòng)詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語表示及物動(dòng)詞的對象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)
有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)
5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)
6、狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：()
7、賓語補(bǔ)足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)
3、構(gòu)詞法：英語構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
二、名詞：
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：
1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國)
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的.名詞。如：water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：
①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
�、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
�、芤詅或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構(gòu)成法
如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如：Childern‘s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加?。如：Teachers‘ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如： newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國的人口).
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。
如：
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]：
�、� ’s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所) ② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father‘s(我
父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：
1、和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞
用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時(shí),
�、� 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
�、� 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語用復(fù)
數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting.
(這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。 baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),
謂語則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如： required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。如：(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名 詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What‘(中國人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league (聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等；trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
三、代詞：
1、代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他！)
2、賓格用來作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語。如：Who teach your English this year？(今年誰教你們的英語？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰？) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如： .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒？) –.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) –It‘s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語是非常困難的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如：
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來看我。)
[試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語氣)。如：
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)
英語語法知識點(diǎn)14
1. As a matter of fact事實(shí)上,其實(shí)?
As a matter of fact, I know nothing about the constructions of the information p roducts.?
其實(shí)我對這些信息產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)造一無所知
2. As a result結(jié)果,終于,因此?
She studied hard. As a result, she made fast progress in the studies.?
她學(xué)習(xí)用功。因此她在學(xué)習(xí)方面進(jìn)步很快
3. As a result(或consequence)of…?
作為……結(jié)果,由于……結(jié)果?
As a result of its rise in temperature the gas expands.由于溫度上升,氣體就膨脹
4. as a rule作為一個(gè)常規(guī),通常,習(xí)以為常?
As a rule, we keep records on all the experiments so that we may have enough dat a.我們通常總是對所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)都作記錄,以便得到足夠的'資料
5. As a whole作為一個(gè)整體(來看)?
We should analyze the problem as a whole.我們應(yīng)該把這個(gè)問題作為一個(gè)整體來分析。(狀語)?
6. As above如上?
It has been explained as above.?
這件事已在上面解釋過了
7. as…as ever像往常一樣……?
She works as hard as ever.她工作一貫努力
8. as…as possible盡可能地……?
as soon as possible盡可能早?
as big as possible盡可能大,越大越好?
as carefully as possible越仔細(xì)越好?
as far as possible盡可能,盡力?
9. as before依舊?
He gave the same answer as before(或as ever).?
他依然作了相同的答復(fù)
10. as early as…早在……?
As early as 1949,he suggested that plan.?
早在1949年他就提出了那個(gè)計(jì)劃
11. As (或so) far as we know.就我們所知。
英語語法知識點(diǎn)15
關(guān)于既to又ing英語短語
(1) remember to do sth.記住去做某事,表示這件事情還沒有做
remember doing sth.記得做過某事
(2) forget to do sth.忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing sth.忘記做過某事。 (已做)
(3) regret to do sth.遺憾地(要)做某事(還未做呢)
regret doing sth.后悔做過某事(已經(jīng)做過了)
(4) try to do sth.努力做謀事,盡力做某事，但不一定成功
try doing sth.試圖做謀事
(5) stop to do表示停止現(xiàn)在在做的事情，開始做另外一件事情
stop doing表示停止現(xiàn)在在做的事情
(5) mean to do sth.計(jì)劃做某事
mean doing sth.意味著做某事
(6) can’t help to do sth.不能協(xié)助做某
can’t help doing sth.禁不住做某事
(7) go on to do sth.做了一件事后,接著做另一件事
go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做原來做的事
短語ing結(jié)構(gòu)英語
consider doing sth.思索做某事
enjoy doing sth.喜歡做某事
escape doing sth.逃脫做某事
finish doing sth.完成做某事
give up doing sth.保持做某事
imagine doing sth.想象做某事
mind doing sth.介意做某事
practice doing sth.練習(xí)做某事
prevent doing sth.阻止做某事
put off doing sth.推延做某事
risk doing sth.冒險(xiǎn)做某事
forbid doing sth.制止做某事
forgive doing sth.原諒做某事
英語To do結(jié)構(gòu)題短語
ask sb. to do sth.請(叫)某人做某事
tell sb to do sth
help sb ( to) do sth.協(xié)助做某事
want sb to do sth.想要做某事
wish sb to do sth.希望做某事
invite sb. to do sth.約請某人做某事
drive sb. to do sth .驅(qū)使某人做某事
expect sb. to do sth.希冀某人做某事
forbid sb. to do sth.制止某人做某事
force sb. to do sth.某人做某事
hope to do sth.希望做某事
offer to do sth.自動(dòng)提出做某事
plan to do sth. 方案做某事
prepare to do sth.預(yù)備做某事
pretend to do sth.偽裝做某事
promise to do sth.容許做某事
refuse to do sth.回絕做某事
fail to do sth.未能做某事
happen to do sth.碰巧做某事
need sb to do sth
need doing =need to be done
advise sb. to do sth.建議某人做某事
advise doing sth.建議做某事
allow sb. to do sth.允許某人做某事
allow doing sth
介詞by的用法
1、意為“在……旁”，“靠近”。
Some are singing and dancing under a big tree。 Some are drawing by the lake。
有的在大樹下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖邊畫畫兒。
2、意為“不遲于”，“到……時(shí)為止”。
Your son will be all right by supper time。
你的兒子在晚飯前會(huì)好的。
How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?
到上個(gè)學(xué)期末你們已經(jīng)學(xué)了多少首英語歌曲?
3、表示方法、手段，可譯作“靠”、“用”、“憑借”、“通過”、“乘坐”等。
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing。
猴子用尾巴吊在樹上哈哈大笑。
The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph。
孩子的父親是那么的感激，于是他教愛迪生怎樣通過鐵路電報(bào)來傳達(dá)信息。
4、表示“逐個(gè)”，“逐批”的意思。
One by one they went past the table in the dark。
他們一個(gè)一個(gè)得在黑暗中經(jīng)過這張桌子。
5、表示“根據(jù)”，“按照”的意思。
What time is it by your watch?
你的表幾點(diǎn)了?
6、和take，hold等動(dòng)詞連用，說明接觸身體的某一部分。
I took him by the hand。
我拉住了他的手。
7、用于被動(dòng)句中，表示行為主體，常譯作“被”、“由”等。
English is spoken by many people。
英語被許多人說。(即“許多人講英語�！�)
動(dòng)名詞doing
動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞，在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語等。
1、作主語
Fighting broke out between the South and the North。
南方與北方開戰(zhàn)了。
2、作賓語
Would you mind turning down your radio a little，please?
請問你介意調(diào)小一點(diǎn)收音機(jī)的音量嗎?
3、作表語
Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。
保姆的工作是洗衣服，作飯和照看孩子。
4、做定語
a washing machine一臺洗衣機(jī)
used to的用法
used to意為過去常常做某事。
1、肯定句：used這個(gè)詞沒有人稱的變化，to后面接動(dòng)詞原形。
否定句是didn’t use to…。
When I was a child，I didn’t use to like apples。
當(dāng)我還是孩子的時(shí)候我不喜歡蘋果。
疑問形式是Did you use to…?
Where did you use to live before you came here?
當(dāng)你來這兒之前你住哪兒?
2、含有used to的句子的反意疑問句不要usedn’t +主語，而用didn’t +主語。
——He used to smoke，didn’t he?
——他過去常常吸煙，是嗎?
Yes，he did。/ No，he didn’t。
是的，他吸。/不，他不吸。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)，人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)是由be的時(shí)態(tài)決定的，be是什么時(shí)態(tài)，全句就是什么時(shí)態(tài)，be動(dòng)詞后面的過去分詞不變。
1、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
主語+am / is / are (not)+過去分詞
一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
主語+was / were +過去分詞
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
主語+have / has +been +過去分詞
一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
主語+will +be +過去分詞
過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
主語+would / should + be +過去分詞
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
主語+was / were + being +過去分詞
過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
主語+had + been +過去分詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞
2、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰，不用by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者短語。
Football is played widely all over the world。
全世界都廣泛地踢足球。
(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。
The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon。
昨天下午這家銀行遭到搶劫。
(3)作客觀說明時(shí)，常采用一種被動(dòng)語態(tài)句型。
It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA。
據(jù)報(bào)道美國大約二十名兒童死于流感。
3、主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的步驟
(1)把原句中的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z
(2)動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)形式，即be+過去分詞
(3)原來的主語，如果需要的話，放在by后面;如果沒必要，可省略。
虛擬語氣
如果我們所說的不是事實(shí)，而只是一種假設(shè)、愿望、建議或是一種實(shí)現(xiàn)不了的空想就用虛擬語氣。
注意：條件句分兩種，真實(shí)條件句和虛擬條件句。只有在虛擬(非真實(shí))條件句中，才用虛擬語氣;而在真實(shí)條件句中，要用陳述語氣。
請比較：
(1)If it is sunny tomorrow，we’ll go to the zoo。
如果明天天氣好，我們將會(huì)去公園。
在這句話中，明天天氣好是完全有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的，并非虛擬、幻想，因此是真實(shí)條件句，在本句中，適用“主將從現(xiàn)�！�
(2)If I were you，I would go at once。
如果我是你的話，我立刻就走。
在這句話中，條件句“如果我是你”，但事實(shí)上，我不可能成為你，這只是假設(shè)的情況，沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能。當(dāng)條件實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小，甚至可以說沒有時(shí)，就需要用虛擬語氣來表示。
虛擬語氣表示和現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反，從句用一般過時(shí)，主句用“should/would/could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形。
例如：
If I had time，I would go for a walk。
If I were invited，I would go to the dinner party。
If I won a million dollars in the lottery，I would put it in the bank。
If I were you，I’d wear a shirt and tie。
注意：在虛擬語氣的句子中，be動(dòng)詞只能用were，不能用was。
must/might/could/can
1、must
(1)must表示主觀看法，意為“必須”。
如：
You must stay here until I come back。
Must I hand in my homework right now?
對must引導(dǎo)的疑問句，肯定回答為must，否定回答為needn’t或don’t have to 。
如：
—Must I finish my homework?
—No，you needn’t。
(2)must也可以表示有把握的推測，意為“一定，肯定”，用于肯定句。
如：
The light is on，so he must be at home now。
其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止，不許”。
如：
You mustn’t play with fire。
You mustn’t be late。
2、could
(1)can的過去式，意為“能、會(huì)”，表示過去的能力。
如：
He could write poems when he was 10。
(2)could在疑問句中，表示委婉請求的語氣，此時(shí)could沒有過去式的意思。
如：
Could you do me a favour?
—Could I use your pen?
—Yes，you can。(注意回答)
3、might
might為may的過去式。might表示推測時(shí)，表示可能性低于may(此時(shí)might沒有過去式的意思)，當(dāng)請求講時(shí)，比may的語氣更委婉。
He is away from school。 He might be sick。
Might I use your dictionary?
4、can
(1)表示能力，一般譯為“能、會(huì)”，尤其指生來具備的能力。
如：She can swim fast，but I can’t 。
(2)表示許可，常在口語中。
如：You can use my dictionary。
(3)表示推測，意為“可能”，常用于否定句和疑問句中，此時(shí)can’t譯為“不可能”。
如：—Can the news be true?
—No，it can’t be our teacher。 He is on a visit to the Great Wall。
定語從句
1、定語從句的概念
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的.后面。
2、定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that，which，who(賓格whom，所有格whose)等，關(guān)系副詞包括where，when，why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語從句的重要成分。
3、定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號分開，從句不可省去。非限制性定語從句與主句之間有逗號分開，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
4、關(guān)系代詞的用法
(1)that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。作主語時(shí)不可省略，作賓語可省略。
例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle。
瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue。
我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語)
(2)which用于指物，在句中作主語、賓語或表語。作主語不可省略，作賓語可省略。
例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket。
位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful。
我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
(3)who，whom用于指人，who用作主語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時(shí)可用who代替whom。who和whom作賓語時(shí)也可省略。
例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England。
經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國人。(作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
5、關(guān)系副詞的用法
(1)when指時(shí)間，其先行詞表示時(shí)間，when在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。
例如：
This was the time when he arrived。
這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。
(2)where指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
例如：
This is place where he works。
這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。
(3)why指原因，其先行詞是原因，why在定語從句中做原因狀語。
例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school。
沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。
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