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英語(yǔ)四級(jí)關(guān)于語(yǔ)態(tài)的隱含意義的寫作技巧
Voice
語(yǔ)態(tài)的隱含意義
一般來說，人們寫作時(shí)只是出于文體或上下文一致的原因，才使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。及物動(dòng)詞既可能是主動(dòng)的，又可能是被動(dòng)的。如果是主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用主語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài);反之，如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作施加的對(duì)象，謂語(yǔ)則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。但事實(shí)上，人們更偏愛主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因?yàn)樗@得突出而直截了當(dāng)。若謂語(yǔ)采用較弱的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，行為者往往被隱去大名，或顯得好像并不重要。然而，當(dāng)不知道行為者是誰(shuí)，或者作者想把重點(diǎn)放到動(dòng)作承受方而不是動(dòng)作方時(shí)，動(dòng)作本身比采取動(dòng)作的人更重要，這時(shí)就有必要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)了。
Weak Passive: He’ll need to be looked after.
Strong Active: He’ll need looking after.
Weak Passive: You’re going to be covered favorably by the press.
Strong Active: You’re going to get fabulous press.
Weak Passive: Do you remember when Nelson Mandela of South Africa was freed?
Strong Active: Do you remember when Nelson Mandela of South Africa walked free?
Weak Passive: Rumors of a broader deal between DailmerChrysler and Nissan Motor Co. have been spread far and wide.
Strong Active: Rumors of a broader deal between DailmerChrysler and Nissan Motor Co. have gained currency.
Weak Passive: His language was too bad to be repeated.
Strong Active: His language wouldn’t bear repeating.
Weak Passive: My shoes need to be mended.
Strong Active: My shoes want mending.
Weak Passive: Honey was gathered by the bee as it flitted from flower to flower.
Strong Active: The bee, flitting from flower to flower, gathered honey.
Weak Passive: What awaits him when a door is opened by him is known by no man. Surprises may be harbored in even the most familiar room.
Strong Active: No man knows what awaits him when he opens a door; Even the most familiar room may harbor surprises.
Weak Passive: The great challenge of this Conference is to give voice to women everywhere whose experiences are not noticed and whose words are not heard by the rest of the world.
Strong Active: The great challenge of this Conference is to give voice to women everywhere whose experiences go unnoticed and whose words go unheard.
Weak Passive: This project has been benefited from many outstanding contributors who have worked with exceptional care and devotion.
Strong Active: This project has the benefit of many outstanding contributors who have worked with exceptional care and devotion.
特殊情況: 如果動(dòng)作的承受方比動(dòng)作的實(shí)施者更為重要，則采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則更為有力。(目的在于強(qiáng)調(diào)行為的承受者或忽略動(dòng)作的實(shí)施者)
Good Passive: All the buildings were destroyed during the bombing
(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者)
Good Passive:I resent being spoken to so rudely.
(說話者對(duì)此行為十分反感，并不針對(duì)某個(gè)人)
Good Passive:Any person who attempts to escape will be shot.
(旨在強(qiáng)調(diào))
Good Passive:Apples are grown in Michigan, so are blueberries.
(突出水果)
Good Passive:Much has been written and much has been said, but nothing has been done.
(雖然未出現(xiàn)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，但被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)更可取)
Good Passive:Scott Fitzgerald had written that his contemporaries grew up "to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken."
(斜體字部分的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣用作形容詞，可與"dead"保持平行)
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